Question 1

Sabine is in the second grade. Compared to the other kids in her class, she finds it very challenging to read or spell simple words. Which of the following learning disabilities does Sabine suffer from?
A) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
B) dysgraphia
C) dyslexia
D) dyscalculia

Accepted Answer

Sabine's difficulty with reading and spelling suggests she may have dyslexia, which affects a person's ability to process language and can result in reading and spelling difficulties. Options A, B, and D do not specifically relate to reading and spelling abilities.

Question 2

A learning disability
A) resides in a single, specific brain location.
B) is primarily the result of inadequate intellectual functioning.
C) does not involve understanding or using spoken languages.
D) is not primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities.

Accepted Answer

A learning disability is a neurological disorder that affects a person's ability to receive, process, store and respond to information. It is not primarily caused by visual, hearing, or motor disabilities.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true about learning disability?
A) Girls are more likely to be referred by teachers for treatment because of troublesome behavior.
B) About three times as many boys as girls are classified as having a learning disability.
C) Girls have a greater biological vulnerability than boys to be diagnosed with a learning disability.
D) Learning disabilities reside in a single, specific brain location in all individuals.

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that about three times as many boys as girls are classified as having a learning disability. This could be due to a variety of factors such as differences in brain development or societal biases in identifying and diagnosing learning disabilities. Option A is incorrect because girls are often underdiagnosed for learning disabilities due to their ability to compensate and hide their difficulties. Option C is not supported by research evidence. Option D is incorrect because learning disabilities affect different parts of the brain in different individuals.

Question 4

During the elementary school years, children grow an average of ________ inches a year.
A) one to two
B) two to three
C) five to seven
D) seven to ten

Accepted Answer

During the elementary school years, children typically grow two to three inches per year on average.

Question 5

Kimberly is 7 years old. She asks her mother to buy her clothes at the start of the new academic year. However, her mother tells her that she won't buy too many clothes now as Kimberly will grow them out soon. She expects Kimberly, on an average, to gain ________ pounds per year during middle and late childhood.
A) 1 to 2
B) 2 to 3
C) 5 to 7
D) 7 to 10

Accepted Answer

During middle and late childhood, children are expected to gain about 5 to 7 pounds per year on average. This is a period of steady growth and development.

Question 6

________ is a disability in which children consistently show inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity over a period of time. Some children show a combination of these symptoms.
A) ADHD
B) OCD
C) PTSD
D) EMDR

Accepted Answer

ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It is generally diagnosed in childhood and can significantly impact academic, social, and emotional functioning. OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder) is a different type of disorder that involves obsessions and compulsions, while PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) is a disorder that can develop after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is a therapeutic approach used to treat symptoms of PTSD.

Question 7

Carl's son has been diagnosed with a learning disability. Since then, Carl has spent a significant amount of time understanding the causes of his disability. He learns that even though several research studies have been conducted, the precise causes have not yet been determined. He comes across a research finding that indicates that it is unlikely that learning disabilities
A) reside in a single, specific brain location.
B) are due to problems in integrating information from multiple brain regions.
C) are a result of subtle impairments in brain structures.
D) occur as a result of subtle impairments in brain functions.

Accepted Answer

The research finding suggests that learning disabilities are not likely to be located in a single, specific brain location.

Question 8

The improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood is due to
A) increased myelination of the central nervous system.
B) advances in the prefrontal cortex.
C) an increase in the neurotransmitter dopamine.
D) a simultaneous process in which axons in the brain die, while dendrites in the brain grow and branch out.

Accepted Answer

The improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood is due to increased myelination of the central nervous system. Myelination is the process of forming a fatty sheath around the axons of neurons, which helps to speed up the transmission of signals through the nervous system. As myelination increases, children are able to better control their movements and refine their fine motor skills.

Question 9

Eight-year-old Ella can use scissors to cut small paper dolls out of craft paper, something she could not do at age three. What best accounts for her improving dexterity?
A) increased cortical thickening in the temporal lobe
B) increased myelination of the central nervous system
C) increased bone ossification
D) increased muscle development

Accepted Answer

Myelination of the central nervous system is the process of developing the protective coating (myelin) around nerve fibers, which improves the speed and efficiency of neural signaling. This process continues throughout childhood and into adolescence, allowing for improvements in fine motor skills such as using scissors. Increased cortical thickening in the temporal lobe is not directly related to motor skills. Increased bone ossification and muscle development may contribute to overall physical development but are not specifically related to dexterity.

Question 10

Dana and Delma are discussing gender and the identification of learning disabilities. Dana believes that there is evidence that supports that gender does play a role in identifying learning disabilities, whereas Delma opposes this view. Which of the following statements, if true, would support Dana's view?
A) Boys have a greater biological vulnerability for learning disabilities than girls.
B) Girls are more likely to be referred by teachers for treatment than boys.
C) Girls' education is given priority in schools and homes.
D) Learning disabilities are more difficult to detect in boys than in girls.

Accepted Answer

If it is true that boys have a greater biological vulnerability for learning disabilities than girls, then this would provide evidence that gender plays a role in identifying learning disabilities. It suggests that boys may be more likely to have learning disabilities, which could support the idea that there is a gender bias in identifying and diagnosing learning disabilities. The other answer choices do not directly address the relationship between gender and the identification of learning disabilities.

Question 11

Sammy, a 9-year-old girl, is overweight. She is constantly teased and tormented by other children in school. Her parents try to cheer her up by telling her that they were also overweight when they were young and even now they are overweight but they don't worry about what others say about them. Based on the given information, which of the following is the primary cause for Sammy being overweight?
A) Sammy spends most of her day playing on her computer.
B) Sammy's meal times are irregular.
C) Sammy does not exercise as regularly as her parents.
D) Sammy's parents are overweight.

Accepted Answer

The primary cause for Sammy being overweight is likely to be hereditary, as her parents are also overweight. This can contribute to certain genetic factors that increase the likelihood of weight gain. Playing on a computer and irregular meal times can be contributing factors, but they are not the primary cause in this scenario.

Question 12

During a workshop for mothers, one of the topics of discussion was the increasing use of cell phones and other gadgets by children. During the session, the speaker requested parents to monitor their children's screen time and stressed the importance of exercise in a child's physical development. She requested parents to exercise more often so that their children would be encouraged to spend less time with their gadgets and more time involved in physical activities. Which of the following statements explains why the speaker put forth this request?
A) Studies show that screen time is associated with higher levels of language skills and cognitive control.
B) Studies show that a higher level of screen time increases the risk of obesity for low- and high-activity children.
C) Studies show that screen time is linked with high activity and stable sleep patterns in children.
D) Studies show that screen time is associated with higher connectivity between brain regions.

Accepted Answer

The speaker stressed the importance of exercise as a way to encourage children to spend less time with their gadgets and more time in physical activity. This implies that the speaker is concerned about the potential health consequences of excessive screen time, particularly the increased risk of obesity, which is supported by studies (as stated in option B). None of the other options are relevant to the speaker's request.

Question 13

Interventions with children who have a learning disability often focus on improving
A) math ability.
B) right and left brain functioning.
C) writing skills.
D) reading ability.

Accepted Answer

Reading ability is often a key area of focus for interventions with children who have a learning disability, as it impacts their ability to learn across different subjects and in their daily lives. While math ability, right and left brain functioning, and writing skills may also be addressed, reading ability is often prioritized in these interventions.

Question 14

Terence has a learning disability that involves difficulty in math computation. This disability is also known as developmental arithmetic disorder. On the other hand, Mindy, his classmate, finds it extremely challenging to read or spell simple words. Based on the given information, which of the following statements is true?
A) Both Terence and Mindy have ADHD.
B) Terence has dysgraphia, whereas Mindy has dyscalculia.
C) Terence has ADHD, whereas Mindy has dysgraphia.
D) Terence has dyscalculia, whereas Mindy has dyslexia.

Accepted Answer

Terence's learning disability, which involves difficulty in math computation, is also known as developmental arithmetic disorder. This suggests that Terence has dyscalculia. Mindy, on the other hand, finds it challenging to read or spell simple words, indicating that she has dyslexia. Therefore, D is the correct answer as it correctly matches the disability with the corresponding student.

Question 15

During elementary school years, head circumference and waist circumference
A) increase in relation to body height.
B) decrease in relation to body weight.
C) increase in relation to body weight.
D) decrease in relation to body height.

Accepted Answer

The answer of During elementary school years, head circumference and...

Question 16

Damon's teachers frequently complain that he disrupts his kindergarten class by fidgeting and moving about all the time. He does not pay any attention to what is being taught in class and behaves impulsively. Considering the presence of the tell-tale characteristics of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, Damon's pediatrician diagnosed him with ________ and put him on a combination of Ritalin and behavior therapy.
A) ADHD
B) OCD
C) PTSD
D) EMDR

Accepted Answer

The symptoms described in the scenario are characteristic of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The diagnosis typically involves the presence of symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Treatment for ADHD may involve medication such as Ritalin, as well as behavioral therapy. OCD (B) refers to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, PTSD (C) stands for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and EMDR (D) is Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, a type of therapy used to treat trauma-related disorders. None of these are appropriate diagnoses for Damon's symptoms.

Question 17

Sandra is a nine-year-old girl. She was always the last student in class to finish assignments because she could only write slowly, and even then, her writing would be virtually illegible and riddled with spelling mistakes. Her teacher referred her to a psychologist who diagnosed her with a learning disability called
A) ADHD.
B) dysgraphia.
C) ASD.
D) dyscalculia.

Accepted Answer

Dysgraphia is a learning disability that specifically affects a person's ability to write. It can cause difficulty with handwriting, spelling, and the physical act of writing. This matches with the symptoms that Sandra is displaying. ADHD (A) refers to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, which can cause difficulties with attention, impulse control, and hyperactivity. ASD (C) refers to autism spectrum disorder, which is a developmental disorder that affects social and communication skills. Dyscalculia (D) is a learning disability that specifically affects a person's ability to understand and work with numbers. None of these disorders match the symptoms that Sandra is displaying.

Question 18

Marshall is in the fourth grade. He finds it hard to keep up with his classmates' writing speed. His handwriting is illegible. Therefore, neither his teachers nor his parents can read his notes. He also makes numerous spelling errors because of his inability to match sounds and letters. Marshall likely suffers from ________.
A) dyspraxia
B) dysgraphia
C) dyslexia
D) dyscalculia

Accepted Answer

Marshall likely suffers from dysgraphia, which is a learning disability that affects writing ability. Symptoms include illegible handwriting and difficulty with spelling and grammar. Dyspraxia affects motor skills, dyslexia affects reading ability, and dyscalculia affects math skills.

Question 19

Advances in the ________ of the brain are linked to children's ________.
A) parietal lobe; peripheral vision
B) occipital lobe; improved spatial skills
C) prefrontal cortex; improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive control
D) temporal lobe; hand-eye coordination and pincer grasp

Accepted Answer

The prefrontal cortex is responsible for attention, reasoning, and cognitive control, which are all important cognitive skills for children.

Question 20

Samuel is an 8-year-old boy. He has difficulty solving numerical problems. Hence, he is not able to solve any of the Math tests given by his teacher. His teacher gave him extra assignments and made him attend some remedial classes so that he can improve, but these did not help. His parents finally took him to a doctor, and the doctor diagnosed him with a learning disability called ________, or developmental arithmetic disorder.
A) dyscalculia
B) dysgraphia
C) dyslexia
D) dyspraxia

Accepted Answer

The symptoms described in the passage, including difficulty solving numerical problems and lack of improvement with extra assignments and remedial classes, are consistent with dyscalculia, also known as developmental arithmetic disorder. Dysgraphia is a learning disability related to writing, dyslexia is a learning disability related to reading, and dyspraxia is a neurological disorder that affects movement and coordination.

Quiz 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood

Sabine is in the second grade. Compared to the other kids in her class, she finds it very challenging to read or spell simple words. Which of the following learning disabilities does Sabine suffer from?

A learning disability

Which of the following statements is true about learning disability?

During the elementary school years, children grow an average of ________ inches a year.

________ is a disability in which children consistently show inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity over a period of time. Some children show a combination of these symptoms.

The improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood is due to

Eight-year-old Ella can use scissors to cut small paper dolls out of craft paper, something she could not do at age three. What best accounts for her improving dexterity?

Interventions with children who have a learning disability often focus on improving

During elementary school years, head circumference and waist circumference

Advances in the of the brain are linked to children's .