Question 1

Nurturing is a key aspect of ________, which emphasizes the education of the whole child and concern for his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development.
A) the child-centered kindergarten
B) the Montessori approach
C) developmentally appropriate practice
D) the Reggio Emilia approach

Accepted Answer

The answer of Nurturing is a key aspect of ________,...

Question 2

According to Feeney, Moravcik, and Nolte (2019), Follari (2019), and Gestwicki (2017), competent early childhood programs should focus
A) on cognitive development and socioemotional development.
B) exclusively on cognitive development.
C) on preoperational skills.
D) on academics alone.

Accepted Answer

Competent early childhood programs should focus on both cognitive development and socioemotional development. This holistic approach is important because young children's growth and development in all areas are interrelated, meaning that cognitive development cannot be fully realized without socioemotional development, and vice versa. Programs that focus exclusively on academics or preoperational skills may not provide children with the foundation they need to be successful in school and beyond.

Question 3

Karla is a single mother of a 5-year-old son. She works in a bakery on a meager salary. Recently, she found out about a government-funded program that provides children from low-income families with the opportunity to acquire the skills important for success in school. The program aims to improve substandard education and alleviate poverty. Karla decides to apply for the program. The program being referred to in this scenario is
A) the child-centered kindergarten
B) the Montessori program
C) Big Brothers Big Sisters of America
D) Project Head Start

Accepted Answer

The government-funded program mentioned in the scenario that aims to provide children from low-income families with the skills important for success in school, improve substandard education and alleviate poverty is most likely the Project Head Start program. The other options, such as child-centered kindergarten and Montessori program, are specific educational approaches or philosophies rather than government-funded programs. Big Brothers Big Sisters of America is a mentoring program and not specifically aimed at providing education for children from low-income families.

Question 4

Five-year-old Donna uses shorter, simpler sentences when talking to her baby brother. She speaks in a very informal way with her friends and uses a more formal language with her father's friends. Donna is demonstrating her grasp of
A) pragmatics.
B) morphology.
C) syntax.
D) phonology.

Accepted Answer

Donna's ability to adjust her language use depending on the social context and the communication partner demonstrates her understanding of pragmatics, which is the study of language use in social contexts. Morphology refers to the structure and formation of words, syntax refers to the structure and formation of sentences, and phonology refers to the sounds and sound patterns of language. While Donna's language use may also demonstrate some understanding of these aspects of language, her ability to adjust her language to different social contexts is a clear example of her pragmatic knowledge.

Question 5

3-year-old Zelda always asks questions like "Where Daddy is going?" and "What Mommy is doing?" This indicates that she is yet to learn the auxiliary-inversion rule and to apply the rules of
A) pragmatics.
B) morphology.
C) syntax.
D) phonology.

Accepted Answer

Zelda's questions about the subject and verb order ("Where Daddy is going?" instead of "Where is Daddy going?") suggest that she is still learning the syntax of her native language. This includes understanding the rules of word order, tense, and the use of auxiliary verbs.

Question 6

Nicole, a 3-year-old girl, goes to a school that follows the Montessori approach to education. Which of the following are Nicole's teachers likely to follow?
A) They will make all the decisions for her.
B) They will show her how to perform intellectual activities.
C) They will act as a director rather than a facilitator.
D) They will ensure that Nicole indulges in the activities that they desire.

Accepted Answer

Montessori approach to education follows the philosophy that teachers should act as a facilitator and show the children how to perform activities, rather than making decisions for them or forcing them to do certain activities. The Montessori approach emphasizes on the importance of allowing children to explore and learn at their own pace.

Question 7

________ is based on knowledge of the typical progress of a child within an age span as well as the uniqueness of the child.
A) The child-centered kindergarten
B) Developmentally appropriate practice
C) The Montessori approach
D) The success-oriented approach

Accepted Answer

Developmentally appropriate practice (DAP) is based on knowledge of the typical progress of a child within an age span as well as the uniqueness of the child. DAP is a teaching approach that considers the child's physical, social, cognitive, and emotional development when planning and implementing curriculum and instruction. It aims to provide a challenging yet developmentally appropriate learning environment for the child.

Question 8

In the context of early childhood education, developmentally appropriate practice emphasizes
A) the importance of creating settings that encourage active learning and reflect children's interests and capabilities.
B) the education of the whole child and concern for his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development.
C) the importance of giving children considerable freedom in choosing activities and allowing them to move from one activity to another as they desire.
D) the content of learning rather than the process of learning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the context of early childhood education,...

Question 9

According to Harris, Golinkoff, and Hirsh-Pasek (2011), which of the following is a key principle in young children's vocabulary development?
A) Children learn words best when grammar and vocabulary are given less emphasis.
B) Children learn the words they hear most often when interacting with their parents, teachers, siblings, and peers.
C) Children learn words more effectively when they are passive, rather than active, learners.
D) Children learn new words more effectively when new words are encountered as isolated facts rather than in integrated contexts.

Accepted Answer

Harris, Golinkoff, and Hirsh-Pasek (2011) state that the most crucial factor in young children's vocabulary development is the frequency with which they hear and use the words. Children learn the words they hear most often when interacting with their parents, teachers, siblings, and peers. This highlights the importance of the language environment in a child's life.

Question 10

Which of the following is true of Head Start programs?
A) They provide for low-income families.
B) They focus on children of a particular ethnic origin.
C) They have a negative effect on young children's language development.
D) They are funded by private corporate sectors.

Accepted Answer

Head Start programs provide for low-income families to improve the readiness of young children to succeed in school.

Question 11

Two current controversies in early childhood education involve
A) the curriculum and universal preschool education in the United States.
B) the quality of inner-city schools and free education to all.
C) the use of corporal punishment in schools and the use of uniforms.
D) Christian holidays for all and boarding schools.

Accepted Answer

There is ongoing debate about the appropriate curriculum for early childhood education and whether universal preschool education should be implemented in the United States. These debates involve questions about funding, teacher qualifications, and appropriate standards for young children. The other choices do not reflect current controversies in early childhood education.

Question 12

In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, identify a true statement about pragmatics.
A) It refers to relating a word to its referent quickly.
B) It is the awareness that changing an object's appearance does not change its basic properties.
C) It refers to focusing one's attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others.
D) It is the appropriate use of language in different contexts.

Accepted Answer

Pragmatics refers to the appropriate use of language in different contexts, such as adjusting language for different listeners or situations. This includes using appropriate tone of voice, body language, and making inferences based on context.

Question 13

Dorothy is enrolled in a preschool where she spends much of her time in unstructured activities. She plays with the toys she chooses, and her teacher acts as a facilitator rather than a director. Which of the following approaches is Dorothy's preschool using?
A) the kindergarten approach
B) the Rogerian approach
C) the Montessori approach
D) the success-oriented approach

Accepted Answer

Dorothy's preschool is using the Montessori approach, which emphasizes child-centered, self-directed learning through hands-on exploration and discovery. In this approach, teachers act as guides or facilitators, rather than directors, and children are given freedom to choose their own activities and materials. The kindergarten approach typically involves more structured activities and teacher-led instruction, while the Rogerian approach focuses on creating a supportive and non-judgmental learning environment. The success-oriented approach is not a recognized educational approach or philosophy.

Question 14

Which of the following is a criticism of the Montessori approach?
A) It lays a lot of emphasis on social interaction.
B) It does not employ self-corrective materials.
C) It lays a lot of emphasis on imaginative play.
D) It neglects children's socioemotional development.

Accepted Answer

One criticism of the Montessori approach is that it neglects children's socioemotional development. While the approach emphasizes cognitive development and independence, critics argue that it does not focus enough on social and emotional skills.

Question 15

In 1965, the federal government began an effort to break the cycle of poverty and substandard education for young children in the United States through
A) the Maria Montessori Program.
B) the Emancipation Undertaking.
C) the Reggio Emilia Project.
D) Project Head Start.

Accepted Answer

The federal government's effort to break the cycle of poverty and substandard education for young children in the United States was through Project Head Start, which began in 1965. Project Head Start provides comprehensive early childhood education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to low-income children and their families.

Question 16

Jean Berko's experiment involving "wugs" demonstrated that young children who took part in the experiment knew
A) the phonological rules.
B) the rules of syntax.
C) the pragmatic rules.
D) the morphological rules.

Accepted Answer

Jean Berko's experiment involving "wugs" demonstrated that young children knew the morphological rules of their language. The experiment involved showing children a picture of a made-up creature called a "wug" and then asking them to fill in the blank in a sentence like "Now there are two __" to describe two of these creatures. Children as young as four years old were able to say "wugs," demonstrating their understanding of the regular morphological rule for forming plurals in English.

Question 17

Which of the following was cited by Zigler and his colleagues supporting universal preschool in the United States?
A) It is more important to improve preschool education for young children who are disadvantaged rather than funding preschool education for all four-year-old children.
B) The quality of inner-city schools has often been found to be questionable.
C) Research has proven that the gains attributed to preschool and kindergarten education are often overstated.
D) Universal preschool would bring cost savings on the order of billions of dollars because of a diminished need for remedial and justice services.

Accepted Answer

Zigler and his colleagues supported universal preschool in the United States because it would bring cost savings on the order of billions of dollars because of a diminished need for remedial and justice services.

Question 18

Critics of universal preschool education argue that
A) quality preschools prepare children for school readiness and academic success.
B) research has not proven that nondisadvantaged children benefit from attending a preschool.
C) the gains attributed to preschool and kindergarten education are often understated.
D) quality preschool programs increase the likelihood that a child will drop out of school later.

Accepted Answer

Critics of universal preschool education argue that research has not proven that nondisadvantaged children benefit from attending a preschool. They believe that universal preschool education is costly and unnecessary for children who already have access to quality early education at home or through private programs.

Question 19

________ is a philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities.
A) The child-centered kindergarten
B) The Montessori approach
C) Developmentally appropriate practice
D) Developmentally inappropriate practice

Accepted Answer

The Montessori approach is a philosophy of education that emphasizes independence, freedom within limits, and respect for a child's natural development. In this approach, children are given considerable autonomy and the ability to choose their own activities. The Montessori approach is based on the idea that children learn best when they are actively engaged in hands-on, experiential learning.

Question 20

________ is a process that helps to explain how young children learn the connection between a word and its referent so quickly.
A) Vertical thinking
B) Centration
C) Fast mapping
D) Conservation

Accepted Answer

Fast mapping is the process by which young children learn the connection between a word and its referent quickly and without explicit instruction. This ability allows children to rapidly expand their vocabulary as they encounter new words in their environment. Vertical thinking refers to a cognitive process in which an individual focuses on finding a single, correct solution to a problem. Centration is the tendency for young children to focus on a single, salient aspect of a problem or object to the exclusion of other relevant aspects. Conservation refers to the understanding that certain attributes of an object (such as its mass or volume) remain constant despite changes in appearance or arrangement.

Quiz 5: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

Nurturing is a key aspect of ________, which emphasizes the education of the whole child and concern for his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development.

According to Feeney, Moravcik, and Nolte (2019) , Follari (2019) , and Gestwicki (2017) , competent early childhood programs should focus

Five-year-old Donna uses shorter, simpler sentences when talking to her baby brother. She speaks in a very informal way with her friends and uses a more formal language with her father's friends. Donna is demonstrating her grasp of

3-year-old Zelda always asks questions like "Where Daddy is going?" and "What Mommy is doing?" This indicates that she is yet to learn the auxiliary-inversion rule and to apply the rules of

Nicole, a 3-year-old girl, goes to a school that follows the Montessori approach to education. Which of the following are Nicole's teachers likely to follow?

________ is based on knowledge of the typical progress of a child within an age span as well as the uniqueness of the child.

In the context of early childhood education, developmentally appropriate practice emphasizes

According to Harris, Golinkoff, and Hirsh-Pasek (2011) , which of the following is a key principle in young children's vocabulary development?

Which of the following is true of Head Start programs?

Two current controversies in early childhood education involve

In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, identify a true statement about pragmatics.

Dorothy is enrolled in a preschool where she spends much of her time in unstructured activities. She plays with the toys she chooses, and her teacher acts as a facilitator rather than a director. Which of the following approaches is Dorothy's preschool using?

Which of the following is a criticism of the Montessori approach?

In 1965, the federal government began an effort to break the cycle of poverty and substandard education for young children in the United States through

Jean Berko's experiment involving "wugs" demonstrated that young children who took part in the experiment knew

Which of the following was cited by Zigler and his colleagues supporting universal preschool in the United States?

Critics of universal preschool education argue that

________ is a philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities.

________ is a process that helps to explain how young children learn the connection between a word and its referent so quickly.