Question 1

In a study discussed in your textbook,volunteers were shown old childhood photos their parents had provided,including pictures that had been altered to show things that never happened.What did this study find?
A)After several sessions,the photos began triggering repressed memories from some volunteers' childhoods.
B)The volunteers could not remember any of the events that occurred before they were three years old.
C)After several sessions,many volunteers 'remembered' situations that had never happened.
D)The photographs that were in colour were more successful in cueing forgotten memories than the black-and-white photographs.

Accepted Answer

The study found that after several sessions, many volunteers 'remembered' situations that had never happened, indicating that false memories can be created through the suggestive power of visual aids such as photographs.

Question 2

The more times an individual imagines an event,the more likely he is to believe the event happened,even if it did not.This is known as
A)the DRM procedure.
B)the misinformation effect.
C)imagination inflation.
D)reality conflation.

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as imagination inflation, where repetitive imagining of an event leads to increased confidence in its occurrence, even if it did not actually happen. The DRM procedure involves presenting a list of semantically related words to a participant, with the aim to induce false recognition of a non-presented but semantically associated word. The misinformation effect occurs when misleading information is introduced after an event, leading to memory distortion. Reality conflation is the merging of actual and imagined events in memory.

Question 3

Which of the following situations is most likely to lead to the misinformation effect?
A)The detective asked Jade if the robber had a strange scar.
B)Jared's mother asked him about his day at school.
C)The Mountie asked Johanna to describe what happened.
D)Josh asked his girlfriend what she had for dinner last night.

Accepted Answer

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate because of post-event information. In choice A, the detective's specific question about a "strange scar" could introduce new, potentially misleading information into Jade's memory of the event, leading to the misinformation effect.

Question 4

Benjamin is a participant in a lab experiment.He is shown a list of words that include: engine,tire,trunk,drive,gasoline,and steering wheel.When later asked,Benjamin says that "car" was one of the words he saw on the list,even though it was not there.This experiment is using __________ to study memory.
A)guided imagery
B)a recovered memory technique
C)imagination inflation
D)the DRM procedure

Accepted Answer

This experiment is using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) procedure to study memory, which involves presenting participants with lists of semantically related words (like those related to "car") and then testing their memory, often leading them to falsely remember words (like "car") that were not presented but are semantically related.

Question 5

Opponents of recovered memories argue that they are
A)false memories of events that never happened.
B)memories of everyday events that were simply forgotten.
C)intentional lies created by an individual for attention.
D)memories that were never repressed in the first place.

Accepted Answer

Opponents of recovered memories argue that they are false memories of events that never happened. These opponents suggest that the suggestive techniques used in therapy can artificially create memories that never occurred, which can lead to false accusations and unjustified harm to the accused individual.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about recovered memories is TRUE?
A)All psychologists agree that trauma does not cause memories to be repressed.
B)Recovery of traumatic memories has no therapeutic benefit.
C)Techniques used to recover memories are the same ones used to create false memories.
D)No one has ever claimed to have successfully recovered a repressed memory.

Accepted Answer

There is controversy surrounding the validity of recovered memories, with some research suggesting that the techniques used to recover memories can inadvertently create false memories. This has led some psychologists to caution against relying solely on memories that have been recovered through such techniques.

Question 7

Which of the following do the textbook authors suggest might be a cause of infantile amnesia?
A)hippocampal damage
B)low IQ
C)a lack of self-schemas
D)repression

Accepted Answer

The textbook authors suggest that a lack of self-schemas might be a cause of infantile amnesia, as self-schemas help in organizing and retrieving memories, and their absence in early childhood could hinder memory formation or retrieval.

Question 8

Jermaine sees a car accident and initially estimates the offending driver to be travelling at 60 km/hr.However,after hearing another witness's report of the cars "bumping into each other" and answering a police officer's questions about the rate of speed when the cars "made contact," he subsequently revises his estimate to 50 km/hr and his memory of the accident changes.This is an example of
A)retroactive interference.
B)a flashbulb memory.
C)imagination inflation.
D)the misinformation effect.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of the misinformation effect, where new information (in this case, the witness report and police officer's questions) can change one's memory of an event. Retroactive interference would involve new learning affecting old memories, flashbulb memory is a highly detailed, vivid and emotionally charged memory of a significant event, and imagination inflation describes the phenomenon where imagining an event can make a person more likely to believe it actually happened.

Question 9

When meeting new people,Wanda breaks the ice by telling them that she once met the Queen,which is actually a lie.After years of retelling the same story,Wanda begins to believe that she really did meet the Queen.This is an example of
A)the DRM procedure.
B)imagination inflation.
C)anterograde amnesia.
D)the misinformation effect.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of imagination inflation, which occurs when repeatedly imagining an event can lead a person to believe it actually happened. In this case, Wanda has told the story so many times that it has become entrenched in her memory as a real event. The other options (DRM procedure, anterograde amnesia, misinformation effect) do not accurately describe this situation.

Question 10

Mariska's parents often tell the story about how she broke her arm when she was two,but Mariska has no memory of the event at all.She is most likely experiencing
A)anterograde amnesia.
B)infantile amnesia.
C)retrograde amnesia.
D)hippocampal damage.

Accepted Answer

Infantile amnesia is the inability to remember events from early childhood, typically before the age of three. This is likely due to the fact that the brain is still developing memory processes during this time. Therefore, the fact that Mariska has no memory of breaking her arm at the age of two is consistent with infantile amnesia.

Quiz 7: C: Memory

In a study discussed in your textbook,volunteers were shown old childhood photos their parents had provided,including pictures that had been altered to show things that never happened.What did this study find?

The more times an individual imagines an event,the more likely he is to believe the event happened,even if it did not.This is known as

Which of the following situations is most likely to lead to the misinformation effect?

Opponents of recovered memories argue that they are

Which of the following statements about recovered memories is TRUE?

Which of the following do the textbook authors suggest might be a cause of infantile amnesia?

When meeting new people,Wanda breaks the ice by telling them that she once met the Queen,which is actually a lie.After years of retelling the same story,Wanda begins to believe that she really did meet the Queen.This is an example of

Mariska's parents often tell the story about how she broke her arm when she was two,but Mariska has no memory of the event at all.She is most likely experiencing