Deck 16: Frequency Distribution, Hypothesis Testing, and Cross-Tabulation

Question 1

Frequency data may be used to construct a histogram, or a vertical bar chart.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The valid percentage column in a frequency distribution represents percentages calculated by excluding the cases with missing values.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The mean is that value obtained by summing all elements in a set and dividing by the number of elements.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The mean is a good measure of location when the variable is inherently categorical or has otherwise been grouped into categories.

Question 5

A measure of central tendency given as the value that occurs the most in a sample distribution is called the median.

Question 6

According to the text, the measures of variability is a statistic that describes a location within a data set.

Question 7

A measure of central tendency, given as the value above which half of the values fall and below which half of the values fall is called the median.

Question 8

The most commonly used statistics associated with frequencies are measures of location and measures of variability.

Question 9

The most common measures of variability are the range and variance.

Question 10

The mean, mode, and median are associated with the measures of location of frequency distribution.

Question 11

The difference between the smallest and largest values of a distribution is called the variance.

Question 12

The mode is used to estimate the average when the data have been collected using an interval or ratio scale.

Question 13

In a frequency distribution, two variables are considered at a time.

Question 14

According to the text, the mode represents the highest peak of the distribution.

Question 15

The median should be used if the distribution is asymmetric and the variable is measured on an ordinal scale.

Question 16

Many marketing research projects do not go beyond basic data analysis.

Question 17

If the distribution is asymmetric and the variable is measured on a nominal scale, the median should be used.

Question 18

The mean of a sample is the middle value when the data are arranged in ascending or descending rank order.

Question 19

A statistic that indicates the distribution's dispersion is called measures of variability.

Question 20

A mathematical distribution whose objective is to obtain a count of the number of responses associated with different values of one variable as to express these counts in percentage terms is called frequency distribution.

Question 21

If the calculated value of the test statistic is smaller than the critical value of the test statistic, the null hypothesis is rejected.

Question 22

The power of a test is the probability of accepting the null hypothesis when it is in fact true and should be accepted.

Question 23

The null hypothesis refers to a specified value of the population parameter, not a sample statistic.

Question 24

According to the text, accepting the alternative hypothesis will lead to changes in opinions or actions.

Question 25

A statement that some difference or effect is expected is called a null hypothesis.

Question 26

According to the text, the range measures the spread of the data.

Question 27

An alternative hypothesis is a statement of the status quo, one of no difference or no effect.

Question 28

The mean squared deviation of all the values from the mean is called the variance.

Question 29

Standard deviation is the square root of the variance and is expressed in the same units as the data.

Question 30

A test of the null hypothesis where the alternative hypothesis is not expressed directionally is called a one-tailed test.

Question 31

Cross-tabulation with two variables is known as twice-tabulation.

Question 32

Type I error occurs when the sample results lead to the rejection of a null hypothesis that is in fact true.

Question 33

The two-tailed test is more powerful than the one-tailed test.

Question 34

The value of the test statistic that divides the rejection and nonrejection regions is called the critical value.

Question 35

Type II error occurs when the sample results lead to nonrejection of a null hypothesis that is in fact false.

Question 36

In commercial marketing research, the one-tailed test is used more often than a two-tailed test.

Question 37

A univariate hypothesis test using the standard normal distribution is called the F-test.

Question 38

A measure of how close the sample has come to the null hypothesis is called the test statistic.

Question 39

The test of the null hypothesis is a two-tailed test if the alternative hypothesis is expressed directionally.

Question 40

The null hypothesis is always the hypothesis that is tested, but can never be accepted based on a single test.

Question 41

According to the text, which of the following represents the highest peak of the distribution?

A) mode
B) mean
C) median
D) maxima
E) crest

Question 42

39. The chi-square statistic can be estimated on counts of data or on percentages.

Question 43

A measure of central tendency, given as the value above which half of the values fall and below which half of the values fall is called the ________.

A) mean
B) mode
C) median
D) maxima
E) binary inflection

Question 44

The null hypothesis, H₀, when using the chi-square statistic, is that there is no association between the variables.

Question 45

When using the chi-square statistic in cross-tabulation, the null hypothesis (H₀) will be rejected only when the calculated value of the test statistic is greater than the critical value of the chi-square distribution with the appropriate degrees of freedom.

Question 46

If the distribution is asymmetric and the variable is measured on a nominal scale, the ________ should be used as a measure of location.

A) mean
B) mode
C) median
D) maxima
E) trend

Question 47

The ________ is that value obtained by summing all elements in a set and dividing by the number of elements.

A) mean
B) mode
C) median
D) maxima
E) aggregate

Question 48

Data collected in social media often lend themselves to basic analysis involving frequencies, percentages and cross-tabulations.

Question 49

A frequency distribution ________.

A) helps identify the presence of outliers
B) indicates the shape of the empirical distribution of the variable
C) contains the same information as the margins of a contingency table
D) A and B
E) A, B and C

Question 50

Cross-tabulation examines associations between variables, not causation.

Question 51

The ________ should be used as a measure of location if the distribution is asymmetric and the variable is measured on an ordinal scale.

A) mean
B) mode
C) median
D) maxima
E) ranking order

Question 52

Which of the following is used to estimate the average when the data have been collected using an interval or ratio scale?

A) mode
B) median
C) mean
D) maxima
E) trend

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT a statistic that is associated with the measures of location of frequency distribution?

A) mean
B) mode
C) median
D) maxima
E) C and D

Question 54

A mathematical distribution whose objective is to obtain a count of the number of responses associated with different values of one variable as to express these counts in percentage terms is called ________.

A) sampling distribution
B) random distribution
C) frequency distribution
D) systematic distribution
E) chi-square distribution

Question 55

The ________ is a good measure of location when the variable is inherently categorical or has otherwise been grouped into categories.

A) mean
B) median
C) maxima
D) mode
E) categorical listing

Question 56

A frequency distribution for a variable produces ________.

A) a table of frequency counts
B) percentages
C) cumulative percentages
D) A and B
E) A, B, and C

Question 57

The ________ of a sample is the middle value when the data are arranged in ascending or descending rank order.

A) median
B) mean
C) mode
D) maxima
E) trend

Question 58

A measure of central tendency given as the value that occurs the most in a sample distribution is called the ________.

A) mean
B) median
C) mode
D) maxima
E) trend

Question 59

If the distribution is asymmetric, which measure of location is most appropriate if the data is in a nominal scale? If it is in an ordinal scale? If it is in an interval or ratio scale?

A) mode, mode, median
B) median, median, median
C) median, mean, mode
D) mean, mode, median
E) mode, median, mean

Question 60

According to the text, the ________ is a statistic that describes a location within a data set.

A) measures of location
B) measures of variability
C) measures of association
D) measures of relativity
E) measures of position

Question 61

________ is the square root of the variance and is expressed in the same units as the data.

A) Range
B) Standard error
C) Standard deviation
D) Mean
E) Statistical significance

Question 62

A(n) ________ hypothesis is a statement of the status quo, one of no difference or no effect.

A) null hypothesis
B) alternative hypothesis
C) random hypothesis
D) standardized hypothesis
E) starting hypothesis

Question 63

The test of the null hypothesis is a ________ test if the alternative hypothesis is expressed directionally.

A) two-tailed
B) three-tailed
C) four-tailed
D) one-tailed
E) A and D

Question 64

________ occurs when the sample results lead to the rejection of a null hypothesis that is in fact true.

A) Type I error
B) Type II error
C) Type III error
D) Type IV error
E) Power of a test

Question 65

The most common measures of variability are the ________ and ________.

A) median; range
B) variance; mean
C) mean; median
D) range; variance
E) difference; trend line

Question 66

A statistic that indicates the distribution's dispersion is called ________.

A) measures of location
B) measures of variability
C) measures of association
D) measures of relativity
E) measures of difference

Question 67

The difference between the smallest and largest values of a distribution is called the ________.

A) range
B) variance
C) median
D) mean
E) body

Question 68

The mean squared deviation of all the values from the mean is called the ________.

A) variance
B) range
C) median
D) mean
E) geometric mean

Question 69

The probability of making a type I error is called the ________.

A) level of significance
B) critical value
C) test statistic
D) power of a test
E) incidence of difference

Question 70

A statement that some difference or effect is expected is called a(n) ________.

A) null hypothesis
B) alternative hypothesis
C) random hypothesis
D) standardized hypothesis
E) incidence of difference

Question 71

Which of the following often follows a well-known distribution, such as the normal, t, or chi-square distribution?

A) test statistic
B) level of significance
C) critical value
D) z-test
E) incidence of difference

Question 72

A test of the null hypothesis where the alternative hypothesis is not expressed directionally is called a ________ test.

A) one-tailed
B) two-tailed
C) three-tailed
D) four-tailed
E) A and B

Question 73

A measure of how close the sample has come to the null hypothesis is called the ________.

A) level of significance
B) power of a test
C) test statistic
D) critical value
E) incidence of difference

Question 74

A univariate hypothesis test using the standard normal distribution is called the ________.

A) F-test
B) p-test
C) t-test
D) z-test
E) poisson test

Question 75

According to the text, accepting the ________ will lead to changes in opinions or actions.

A) null hypothesis
B) alternative hypothesis
C) random hypothesis
D) standardized hypothesis
E) quid pro quo

Question 76

In commercial marketing research, the ________ test is used more often than a ________ test.

A) one-tailed; two-tailed
B) two-tailed; one-tailed
C) exhaustive; inexhaustive
D) inexhaustive; exhaustive
E) B and C

Question 77

________ occurs when the sample results lead to nonrejection of a null hypothesis that is in fact false.

A) Type I error
B) Type II error
C) Type III error
D) Type IV error
E) Power of a test

Question 78

The ________ is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false and should be rejected.

A) level of significance
B) z-test
C) test statistic
D) power of a test
E) incidence of difference

Question 79

According to the text, the ________ measures the spread of the data.

A) mode
B) median
C) mean
D) range
E) body

Question 80

The ________ is always the hypothesis that is tested, but can never be accepted based on a single test.

A) alternative hypothesis
B) random hypothesis
C) null hypothesis
D) standardized hypothesis
E) incidence of difference