Deck 11: Introduction to the Nervous System Nervous Tissue

Question 1

The most common type of neuron in the human body is:

A) unipolar.
B) pseudounipolar.
C) bipolar.
D) multipolar.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A) integrate sensory information
B) sense the internal and external environments
C) control effectors
D) direct long ^-term functions such as growth

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The two anatomical divisions of the nervous system are the:

A) central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
B) sensory division and motor division.
C) somatic sensory division and visceral sensory system.
D) visceral motor division and somatic motor division.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The conducting region of the neuron is the:

A) dendrites.
B) axon terminals (synaptic knobs).
C) cell body.
D) axon.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of neurons?

A) integration
B) forming the myelin sheath
C) transmitting motor information
D) carrying sensory information

Question 6

Which of the following is controlled by the somatic motor division?

A) smooth muscle
B) cardiac muscle
C) skeletal muscle
D) glands

Question 7

Which neuroglial cell helps form the blood ^-brain barrier?

A) satellite cell
B) oligodendrocyte
C) astrocyte
D) ependymal cell

Question 8

Upon entering your house, you noticed the smell of cake baking in the oven. What division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible?

A) visceral motor division
B) somatic motor division
C) visceral sensory division
D) somatic sensory division

Question 9

Because of their ability to rapidly divide during brain injury, which type of neuroglial cell would be more likely to form a brain tumor?

A) oligodendrite
B) ependymal cell
C) astrocyte
D) Schwann cell

Question 10

Which nervous system division is responsible for the integration of sensory information?

A) visceral motor division
B) somatic motor division
C) central nervous system
D) peripheral nervous system

Question 11

The autonomic nervous system does NOT carry signals to:

A) cardiac muscle.
B) smooth muscle.
C) skeletal muscle.
D) glands.

Question 12

Which of the following are organs of the central nervous system?

A) brain and cranial nerves
B) brain and spinal cord
C) spinal cord and spinal nerves
D) brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, and spinal nerves

Question 13

What type of neuron is found within the CNS to perform the job of information processing?

A) interneurons (association neurons)
B) motor (efferent) neurons
C) bipolar neurons
D) sensory (afferent) neurons

Question 14

Bundles of axons known as tracts are part of the:

A) myelin sheath.
B) ganglion.
C) peripheral nervous system.
D) central nervous system.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes a bipolar neuron?

A) one axon and multiple, highly branched dendrites
B) one axon that splits into two processes
C) multiple axons and one dendrite
D) one axon and one dendrite

Question 16

Branches that may occur along an axon are called:

A) dendrites.
B) collaterals.
C) hillocks.
D) telodendria.

Question 17

What specific part of the neuron communicates with a target cell and serves as the secretory region of the cell?

A) axon terminals (synaptic knobs)
B) myelin sheath
C) cell body
D) dendrites

Question 18

Sarah sensed a mosquito land on her arm and swatted it away with her hand. Which specific PNS division was responsible for the movement of Sarah's hand?

A) autonomic nervous system
B) somatic sensory division
C) somatic motor division
D) visceral sensory division

Question 19

What is the most metabolically active part of a neuron?

A) axon hillock
B) axon
C) dendrites
D) cell body

Question 20

Determine the direction in which an electrical signal is carried in a typical multipolar neuron.

A) axon, cell body, dendrites
B) cell body, axon, dendrites
C) dendrites, cell body, axon
D) dendrites, axon, cell body

Question 21

A series of measurements with a voltmeter show a neuron's membrane potential becoming more negative, from ^-70 mV to ^-85 mV. This neuron is experiencing a:

A) polarization phase.
B) depolarization phase.
C) repolarization phase.
D) hyperpolarization phase.

Question 22

Which statement best describes the all ^-or ^-none principle?

A) All neurons conduct an action potential together, or none do.
B) All voltage ^-gated sodium channels will open or none will open.
C) An action potential happens completely, or it doesn't happen at all.
D) Local, or graded, potentials will always become action potentials.

Question 23

During repolarization of a neuron:

A) potassium ions move into the cell.
B) sodium ions move out of the cell.
C) potassium ions move out of the cell.
D) sodium ions move into the cell.

Question 24

Voltage ^-gated sodium channels have both an activation gate and:

A) a leak gate.
B) a swinging gate.
C) a threshold gate.
D) an inactivation gate.

Question 25

Which of the following is the primary factor in the maintenance of a negative charge during resting membrane potential?

A) sodium ^-potassium pump
B) ligand ^-gated channels
C) leak channels
D) voltage ^-gated channels

Question 26

Graded potentials:

A) cause repolarization.
B) produce an effect that spreads actively across the membrane surface.
C) produce an effect that increases with distance from the point of stimulation.
D) may cause either a depolarization or a hyperpolarization.

Question 27

The influx of positive charges makes the membrane potential more positive and is known as:

A) polarization.
B) hyperpolarization.
C) depolarization.
D) repolarization.

Question 28

Place these steps of the action potential in the correct order. 1. Sodium ions channels return to the resting state and repolarization continues.
2) Voltage ^-gated sodium ion channels activate, sodium ions enter, and the axon section depolarizes.
3) As potassium ion channels return to resting state, the axolemma may hyperpolarize before returning to the resting membrane potential.
4) A local potential depolarizes the axolemma of the trigger zone to threshold.
5) Sodium ion channels inactivate, and voltage ^-gated potassium ion channels activate, so sodium ions stop entering and potassium ions leave, beginning repolarization.

A) 2, 4, 5, 1, 3
B) 4, 2, 5, 1, 3
C) 4, 2, 3, 5, 1
D) 4, 2, 1, 3, 5

Question 29

What channels open or close in response to physical distortion of the membrane surface, such as vibrations or pressure?

A) mechanically ^-gated
B) chemically ^-gated
C) ligand ^-gated
D) voltage ^-gated

Question 30

If a resting axon increases its permeability to sodium ions:

A) the outward movement of sodium ions will decrease.
B) the membrane potential will hyperpolarize.
C) the membrane potential will repolarize.
D) the influx of sodium ions will increase and the membrane will depolarize.

Question 31

Resting membrane potential is maintained by the Na⁺/K⁺ pump which brings:

A) three potassium ions into the cytosol and three sodium ions into the extracellular fluid.
B) three potassium ions into the cytosol and two sodium ions into the extracellular fluid.
C) two potassium ions into the cytosol and two sodium ions into the extracellular fluid.
D) two potassium ions into the cytosol and three sodium ions into the extracellular fluid.

Question 32

What is more likely to promote an action potential?

A) repolarization
B) absolute refractory period
C) hyperpolarization
D) depolarization

Question 33

Using the information provided in this graph, which statement best summarizes the activity in this neuron?

A) The cell gains chloride ions, making the cell hyperpolarize.
B) Positive charges are lost from the cell, making the inside more negative.
C) The cells gains negative charges, making the inside more negative.
D) The cell gains positive charges, making the inside less negative.

Question 34

What type of ion channels is always open?

A) active
B) local
C) leak
D) regulated

Question 35

Which of the following is an effect of myelination?

A) Myelination increases the speed of conduction of action potentials.
B) Myelination increases the rate of mitosis in damaged neurons.
C) Myelination increases the rate at which phagocytosis occurs in the brain.
D) Myelination increases the volume of cerebrospinal fluid in circulation.

Question 36

Ependymal cells:

A) serve as wandering phagocytes during brain injury.
B) circulate cerebrospinal fluid.
C) help form the blood ^-brain barrier.
D) form myelin in the brain and spinal cord.

Question 37

Within the PNS, a neuron will regenerate only if:

A) the surrounding neuroglia regenerate first.
B) the neuron was myelinated.
C) the cell body remains intact.
D) scar tissue is removed by phagocytosis.

Question 38

Which of the following is correct about threshold?

A) Threshold is more positive than the resting potential.
B) The membrane begins to hyperpolarize.
C) Voltage ^-gated potassium channels inactivate.
D) Voltage ^-gated potassium channels begin to close.

Question 39

Myelinated axons in the CNS are known as:

A) white matter.
B) dark matter.
C) internodes.
D) gray matter.

Question 40

What membrane potential must generally be met in order to achieve threshold?

A) ^-55 mV
B) ^-30 mV
C) ^-85 mV
D) ^-70 mV

Question 41

Determine the membrane potential (mV) during the relative refractory period.

A) ⁺30 mV
B) ^-85 mV
C) ^-55 mV
D) ⁺15 mV

Question 42

Which type of fiber has the largest diameter?

A) type A
B) type B
C) type C
D) type D

Question 43

Which area on the graph shows when the neuron is in the refractory period?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 44

What would most likely lead to an IPSP?

A) closure of chloride ion channels
B) opening of calcium ion channels
C) opening of sodium ion channels
D) opening of potassium ion channels

Question 45

Which of the following would NOT terminate the effects of the neurotransmitter?

A) degradation of the neurotransmitter by enzymes
B) presence of calcium ions in the presynaptic neuron
C) reuptake of neurotransmitter into the presynaptic neuron
D) diffusion of the neurotransmitter into the extracellular fluid

Question 46

When is the generation of an action potential impossible, no matter the strength of the stimulus?

A) absolute refractory period
B) relative refractory period
C) depolarization
D) threshold

Question 47

If the receptor site for a neurotransmitter were completely blocked:

A) a weaker action potential would result.
B) synaptic transmission would fail.
C) neurotransmitter release would stop.
D) the presynaptic neuron would release a different neurotransmitter.

Question 48

A neuron that receives neurotransmitters from another neuron is called:

A) the postsynaptic neuron.
B) an oligodendrocyte.
C) the presynaptic neuron.
D) a Schwann cell.

Question 49

What is NOT associated with a chemical synapse?

A) presynaptic neuron
B) gap junction
C) synaptic cleft
D) neurotransmitter

Question 50

Determine the fiber type in which propagation of an action potential will occur most quickly.

A) myelinated type B fiber
B) type C fiber
C) myelinated type A fiber
D) unmyelinated type B fiber

Question 51

A local hyperpolarization that changes a postsynaptic neuron's membrane from resting potential to ^-85 mV is:

A) a saltatory stimulus.
B) a temporal stimulus.
C) an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).
D) an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP).

Question 52

What ion triggers synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft?

A) magnesium
B) sodium
C) chlorine
D) calcium

Question 53

Which of the following must happen first in the order events at a chemical synapse?

A) Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
B) Ion channels respond to the neurotransmitter and lead to a local potential, or possibly an action potential.
C) Calcium ion channels in the axon terminal open.
D) Calcium ions cause synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

Question 54

The presence of a synaptic cleft between cells is characteristic of:

A) chemical synapse.
B) electrical synapse.
C) both chemical and electrical synapses.
D) neither chemical nor electrical synapses.

Question 55

Voltage ^-gated sodium channels are activated:

A) during repolarization.
B) only if the cell is depolarized to threshold.
C) during hyperpolarization.
D) after voltage ^-gated potassium channels are activated.

Question 56

What type of synapse must have receptors to transmit signals?

A) electrical synapse
B) chemical synapse
C) both chemical and electrical synapses
D) neither chemical nor electrical synapses

Question 57

Which number on the graph represents when voltage ^-gated sodium channels are open?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 58

Which of the following is most likely to produce an action potential?

A) opening of potassium ion channels
B) hyperpolarization
C) inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
D) excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

Question 59

During saltatory conduction, action potentials are generated:

A) only at nodes of Ranvier of myelinated axons.
B) when the entire axolemma is depolarized.
C) along the entire length of the unmyelinated axon.
D) regardless if threshold is reached.

Question 60

The majority of synapses in the nervous system are:

A) electrical.
B) mechanical.
C) chemical.
D) voltage.

Question 61

Neuronal pools are collections of:

A) efferent neurons.
B) interneurons.
C) motor neurons.
D) bipolar neurons.

Question 62

Cholinergic synapses use the neurotransmitter:

A) norepinephrine.
B) serotonin.
C) acetylcholine.
D) epinephrine.

Question 63

When a second EPSP arrives at a single synapse before the effects of the first have disappeared, what results?

A) hyperpolarization
B) spatial summation
C) inhibition of the impulse
D) temporal summation

Question 64

During the absolute refractory period, production of an action potential is not possible.

Question 65

After acetylcholinesterase (AChE) acts, the presynaptic neuron:

A) reabsorbs the acetate.
B) reabsorbs the choline.
C) reabsorbs synaptic vesicles.
D) reabsorbs acetylcholine.

Question 66

Summation that results from the cumulative effect of multiple synapses at multiple places on the neuron is designated:

A) hyperpolarization.
B) spatial summation.
C) temporal summation.
D) impulse transmission.

Question 67

Neurotransmitters that bind ionotropic receptors control:

A) the activation of G ^-proteins inside the postsynaptic neuron.
B) some metabolic process inside the postsynaptic neuron.
C) the formation of a second messenger inside the postsynaptic neuron.
D) the movement of ions into or out of the postsynaptic neuron.

Question 68

What best describes a converging circuit?

A) One neuron communicates with multiple parts of the brain.
B) Axon terminals from multiple input neurons join onto a single postsynaptic neuron.
C) An increasing number of neurons are excited down the pathway of the circuit.
D) One axon of an input neuron branches to make contact with multiple postsynaptic neurons.

Question 69

The sensory, or afferent, division of the peripheral nervous system carries information from the brain and spinal cord to effector organs.

Question 70

Neurons are responsible for sending and receiving signals referred to as action potentials while neuroglial cells serve a variety of supportive functions.

Question 71

Which neuropeptide neurotransmitter is released from fibers transmitting sensory information about pain and temperature?

A) substance P
B) opioids
C) neuropeptide Y
D) endorphin

Question 72

The same ________ can have different effects depending on the properties of the _.

A) receptor; neurotransmitter
B) neurotransmitter; receptor
C) substrate; enzyme
D) hormone; neurotransmitter

Question 73

The conduction of an action potential is faster in unmyelinated axons than in myelinated axons.

Question 74

Regeneration of neural tissue in the PNS is possible only if the neuron's cell body remains intact.

Question 75

The autonomic nervous system carries signals to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.

Question 76

Which of the following is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS?

A) dopamine
B) GABA
C) glutamate
D) glycine

Question 77

Bipolar neurons have one axon and one dendrite.

Question 78

During depolarization, the membrane potential becomes more positive.

Question 79

Where are neuronal pools located?

A) within nerves
B) within the CNS
C) within the PNS
D) within ganglia

Question 80

Saltatory conduction is slow due to the presence of insulating myelin around an axon.