Deck 22: Structural Equation Modeling

Question 1

Model fit includes the following step(s):

A) Model fit is determined by comparing how closely the estimated covariance matrix matches the observed covariance matrix.
B) Produce correlations or covariances among the items.
C) Estimate the covariance matrix between the observed variables based on the proposed measurement and structural models.
D) Examine the residuals.
E) All of the above.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which of the following is not a fit measure?

A) GFI
B) CFI
C) RMSR
D) TFI
E) SRMR

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following are true regarding SEM models?

A) A structural model shows how the constructs are interrelated to each other, often with multiple dependence relationships.
B) A SEM model consists of two models: the measurement model and the structural model.
C) The measurement model depicts how the observed variable represent constructs.
D) The observed variables are measured by researcher.
E) All of the above.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Dependence relationships are represented with in a path model.

A) boxes
B) two- headed straight arrows
C) ovals
D) two- headed curved arrows
E) None of the above

Question 5

Which is not an incremental fit index?

A) RMSR
B) NFI
C) CFI
D) GFI
E) A and D

Question 6

Which of the following steps are involved in conducting SEM?

A) Specify the measurement model.
B) Define the individual constructs.
C) Assess measurement model reliability and validity.
D) Specify the structural model if the measurement model is valid.
E) All of the above.

Question 7

In moving from the measurement model to the structural model, .

A) the exogenous constructs each become endogenous
B) the emphasis shifts from the relationships between latent constructs and measured variables to the nature and magnitude of the relationships between constructs
C) the error terms are correlated with each other
D) the endogenous constructs become exogenous
E) None of the above

Question 8

Which is not an absolute fit index?

A) CFI
B) Chi- square
C) NFI
D) SRMR
E) A and C

Question 9

In SEM, the posited relationships between constructs are tested similarly to the way they are tested using _ .

A) MDS
B) multiple regression
C) Discriminant analysis
D) cluster analysis
E) Analysis of Covariance

Question 10

SEM models are estimated so as to .

A) maximize the likelihood function
B) minimize the difference between the observed and estimated covariance matrices
C) minimize the least squared difference
D) minimize the sum of squares between constructs
E) A and C

Question 11

is established when the measured items are conceptually consistent with a construct definition.

A) Composite reliability
B) Nomological validity
C) Discriminant validity
D) Convergent validity
E) None of the above

Question 12

Which of the following is true about the relationship of SEM to multiple regression techniques?

A) It is different from multiple regression because the all of the equation are estimated simultaneously.
B) It is different from multiple regression because the dependent construct in one relationship may become the independent construct.
C) SEM is similar to multiple regression when exogenous constructs are used to predict endogenous constructs.
D) A and C are correct.
E) A, B and C are correct.

Question 13

Which of the following is true about Structural Equation Modeling?

A) In SEM, the constructs are unobservable or latent factors that are representative by multiple variables.
B) SEM explicitly takes into account the measurement error.
C) SEM is mainly used as an exploratory technique.
D) A and B are true
E) A, B, and C are true.

Question 14

Which of the following is true about the relationship of SEM to factor analysis?

A) SEM, we have to specify which variables are associated with each construct based on theory.
B) Concepts such as correlations and covariances are common to both the techniques.
C) The measurement model in SEM is similar to factor analysis in that both techniques have variables with loadings on factors.
D) A and C are correct.
E) A, B and C are correct.

Question 15

Which of the following values for RMSEA is (are) considered conservative?

A) 0.04
B) 0.06
C) 0.90
D) 0.99
E) A and B

Question 16

are the actual items that are measured using a survey questionnaire.

A) Measured variables or indicators
B) Estimated Parameters
C) Constructs
D) Latent factors
E) Observed factors

Question 17

SEM can be thought of as a combination of which two techniques?

A) MANOVA and Exploratory factor analysis
B) Factor analysis and multiple regression analysis
C) Discriminant analysis and cluster analysis
D) MANOVA and multiple regression analysis
E) MANOVA and ANOVA

Question 18

SEM has the following characteristics:

A) estimation of multiple and interrelated dependence relationships incorporated in an integrated model.
B) incorporation of measurement error in an explicit manner.
C) explanation of covariance among the observed variables.
D) representation of constructs as unobservable or latent factors in dependence relationships.
E) All of the above

Question 19

The diagnostic cues that can be used to make appropriate modifications include _ .

A) standardized residual
B) modification indices
C) specification search
D) the path estimates or loadings
E) All of the above

Question 20

The validity of the measurement model depends on .

A) discriminant validity
B) convergent validity
C) composite reliability
D) goodness- of- fit results
E) All of the above

Question 21

When two constructs are theoretically unrelated to each other, the path between those two constructs should be "fixed."

Question 22

It is recommended that each construct be measured by using at least three observed variables.

Question 23

How is an exogenous construct represented in an structural path model?

A) It is represented by an oval with no arrows.
B) It is represented by a box with one- headed arrows going into it.
C) It is represented by a box with one- headed arrows going into it and two headed arrows.
D) The construct is represented by an oval with no one- headed arrows going into it.
E) None of the above

Question 24

When two constructs are theoretically unrelated to each other, the path between those two constructs should be be assigned a value of 1.

Question 25

Which of the following is a difference contrasting EFA with CFA?

A) one technique is exploratory and the other is confirmatory
B) the specification of which variables load on which factors
C) the size of the loading estimates considered significant
D) A and B
E) A, B, and C

Question 26

Which is a way to help make sure that the model is identified?

A) a large sample size
B) a GFI of .95 or higher
C) have all formative indicators
D) have at least three observed variables for each latent construct
E) none of the above

Question 27

Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of SEM?

A) the estimation of multiple and interrelated dependence relationships simultaneously in a single analysis
B) the explaining of the covariance among the measured items or observed variables
C) the ability to discriminate multiple groups in a single analysis
D) A and B.
E) A, B, and C.

Question 28

The baseline model that is commonly used is the null model that is based on the assumption that the observed variables are uncorrelated.

Question 29

SEM models are estimated so as to minimize the difference between the observed and estimated covariance matrices.

Question 30

Once the validity of the measurement model has been established, you can proceed with the specification of structural model.

Question 31

PNFI statistic is most useful for comparing nested models.

Question 32

SEM can be thought of as a combination of MANOVA and ANOVA.

Question 33

A proposed structural model involves four constructs, two of which are exogenous. X1 and X2 together cause Y1, which in turn causes Y2. This model is recursive.

Question 34

Which of the following are true regarding exogenous constructs?

A) Graphically, an exogenous construct does not have any paths coming to it.
B) An exogenous construct is determined by factors outside of the model.
C) An exogenous construct is the latent, multi- item equivalent of an independent variable in traditional multivariate analysis.
D) A and C are correct.
E) A, B, and C are correct.

Question 35

When two constructs are theoretically unrelated to each other, the path between those two constructs should be "free."

Question 36

Constructs are the actual items that are measured using a survey questionnaire.

Question 37

SEM can be thought of as a combination of MANOVA and multiple regression analysis.

Question 38

When two constructs are theoretically unrelated to each other, the path between those two constructs should be _ .

A) fixed
B) free
C) estimated
D) assigned a value of 1
E) none of the above

Question 39

In moving from the measurement model to the structural model, the exogenous constructs each become endogenous.

Question 40

A proposed structural model involves four constructs, two of which are exogenous. X1 and X2 together cause Y1, which in turn causes Y2. What term describes this model?

A) recursive
B) nonrecursive
C) descriptive
D) empirical
E) None of the above

Question 41

RMSR statistic is most useful for comparing nested models.

Question 42

In SEM, the posited relationships between constructs are tested similarly to the way they are tested using cluster analysis.

Question 43

SEM can be thought of as a combination of MANOVA and Exploratory factor analysis.

Question 44

A construct is an unobservable or latent variable that can be defined in conceptual terms that can be measured directly.

Question 45

NFI is an incremental fit index.

Question 46

Oç² statistic is most useful for comparing nested models.

Question 47

A 0.04 value for RMSEA is considered conservative.

Question 48

The size of the loading estimates considered significant is a difference contrasting EFA with CFA.

Question 49

Having at least three observed variables for each latent construct is a way to help make sure that the model is identified.

Question 50

Measured variables or indicators are the actual items that are measured using a survey questionnaire.

Question 51

RNI is a parsimony fit index.

Question 52

SEM can be thought of as a combination of Factor analysis and multiple regression analysis.

Question 53

SEM is distinguished by the explaining of the covariance among the measured items or observed variables.

Question 54

RMSR is an absolute fit index.

Question 55

The confirmatory factor analysis is used to verify the factor structure of a set of observed variables.

Question 56

Dependence relationships are represented with two- headed curved arrows in a path model.

Question 57

SEM models are estimated so as to maximize the likelihood function.

Question 58

Construct validity is established when the measured items are conceptually consistent with a construct definition.

Question 59

Path analysis can be viewed as a special case of SEM.

Question 60

The impact of the average error variance of indicators can be understood in terms of communality.

Question 61

The specification of which variables load on which factors is a difference contrasting EFA with CFA.

Question 62

TLI is an absolute fit index.

Question 63

Convergent validity is established when the measured items are conceptually consistent with a construct definition.

Question 64

A proposed structural model involves three constructs, one of which are exogenous. X1 causes Y1, which in turn causes Y2. This model is nonrecursive.

Question 65

A sample size of 1000 is used to test a structural model of advertising effectiveness for the
Coca- Cola company. The results show that a significant relationship exists between advertising effectiveness and sales. The estimated value of the standardized path estimate is .035. The
Coca- Cola management dismisses the finding because the relationship is trivial.

Question 66

Dependence relationships are represented with one- headed straight arrows in a path model.

Question 67

In moving from the measurement model to the structural model the error terms are correlated with each other.

Question 68

An exogenous construct is represented in an structural path model as a an oval with no one- headed arrows going into it.

Question 69

In moving from the measurement model to the structural model, the emphasis shifts from the relationships between latent constructs and measured variables to the nature and magnitude of the relationships between constructs.

Question 70

SEM models are estimated so as to minimize the sum of squares between constructs.

Question 71

Generally, we use SEM to find a suitable model.

Question 72

SEM can be thought of as a combination of Discriminant analysis and cluster analysis.

Question 73

TFI is a fit measure used in SEM.

Question 74

A 0.07 value for RMSEA is considered conservative.

Question 75

A 0.90 value for RMSEA is considered conservative.

Question 76

In moving from the measurement model to the structural model, the endogenous constructs become exogenous.

Question 77

An exogenous construct is represented in an structural path model as a box with one- headed arrows going into it.

Question 78

GFI of .95 or higher is a way to help make sure that the model is identified.

Question 79

SEM analysis is based on raw data, rather than a correlation or covariance.

Question 80

RMSEA is an incremental fit index.