Deck 10: Aggression and Antisocial Behavior

Question 1

The fact that violence and aggression appear to be decreasing over time are consistent with which of the following themes of the book?

A) Nature says yes, culture says no.
B) Nature says no, culture says yes.
C) The bad is stronger than the good.
D) The good is stronger than the bad.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The textbook defines violence as ____ that ____ extreme harm, such as injury or death.

A) a type of aggression; is intended to cause
B) a type of aggression; results in
C) something different from aggression; is intended to cause
D) something different from aggression; results in

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Maureen is really frustrated that the contractor working on her house is taking so long. But she doesn't want to yell at him because she is worried he will not produce quality work for her if she does. Instead, she yells and snipes at her husband. Maureen's aggression is ____.

A) displaced
B) violent
C) instrumental
D) proactive

Answer 3

A

Question 4

According to the definitions of aggression and violence used in the text, which of the following statements is true?

A) All aggressive acts are violent, and all violent acts are aggressive.
B) All aggressive acts are violent, but not all violent acts are aggressive.
C) Not all aggressive acts are violent, but all violent acts are aggressive.
D) Not all aggressive acts are violent, and not all violent acts are aggressive.

Question 5

Recent data on violence in the world suggests that ____.

A) it is increasing dramatically over time
B) it is the same in amount as it has always been
C) it is decreasing over time
D) it has become nonexistent

Question 6

Based on the definitions in the text, it is most accurate to say that ____.

A) aggression is a type of violence
B) violence is a type of antisocial behavior
C) antisocial behavior is a type of aggression
D) antisocial behavior is a type of violence

Question 7

Freud proposed that people have a life-giving instinct as well as a "death instinct." He called the latter ____.

A) Jocasta
B) Eros
C) Oedipus
D) Thanatos

Question 8

Which of the following comes closest to the way that most social psychologists define aggression?

A) Any feeling, thought, or behavior that harms another person-regardless of intention and regardless of the other person's motivations.
B) Any feeling, thought, or behavior in which harm is intentionally rendered to another person and the other person is motivated to avoid harm.
C) Any behavior intended to harm another person who is motivated to avoid the harm.
D) Any behavior intended to harm another person-regardless of the other person's motivations.

Question 9

Another term for instrumental aggression is ____.

A) proactive aggression
B) zero-sum aggression
C) self-defense
D) reciprocal aggression

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of instrumental aggression?

A) Rachel pushes Ted so that she can rush past him to catch a glass that is about to fall off the counter.
B) Rachel fantasizes about punching Ted, who has been getting on her nerves lately.
C) Rachel hits Ted, but only because Ted just hit her.
D) Rachel is thinking about planting drugs in Ted's desk at work so that she can get Ted fired and take over his job.

Question 11

At the most general level, the term antisocial behavior refers to ____.

A) behavior that damages interpersonal relationships or is culturally undesirable
B) any aggressive behavior or violent behavior
C) any behavior that harms those who are close to the perpetrator
D) behavior that is aberrant is some way and that the perpetrator enacts alone

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of hostile aggression?

A) Mr. W fantasizes about punching his enemy in the face.
B) Mr. X accidentally knocks his friend over a balcony.
C) Mr. Y intentionally humiliates an annoying co-worker.
D) Dr. Z gives a patient a painful injection.

Question 13

According to the text, most social psychologists define aggression as ____ and state ____.

A) an intentional action; that the victim must be motivated to avoid it
B) an intentional action; nothing about the victim
C) an intentional or unintentional action; nothing about the victim
D) an intentional thought or action; that the victim must be motivated to avoid it

Question 14

Social psychologists define aggression in a very specific way. According to that definition, which of the following is NOT an example of aggression?

A) A mafia "hit man" who kills for paychecks
B) A disgruntled employee who fantasizes about shouting at his boss
C) A woman who tries to backstab an ex-lover by sending a package of incriminating photos to his new girlfriend, but mistakenly sends the package to the wrong address.
D) A boy who posts mean comments about a fellow classmate on MySpace.

Question 15

In his early writings, Freud proposed that humans have a constructive, life-giving instinct, which he called ____.

A) Thanatos
B) Eros
C) Jocasta
D) Ares

Question 16

Social psychologists define aggression in a very specific way. According to that definition, which of the following is an example of aggression?

A) A man committing suicide
B) A surgeon drilling into a person's head during brain surgery
C) A child calling her older brother cruel and hurtful names
D) A disgruntled employee fantasizing about punching his boss in the face

Question 17

The main difference between hostile aggression and instrumental aggression lies in ____.

A) the motive(s) of the aggressor
B) whether the aggressive act is violent or non-violent
C) the outcome of the aggressive act
D) the emotions of the victim(s)

Question 18

According to ____, human motivational forces, such as sex and aggression, are based on instincts.

A) Richard Nisbett
B) Walter Mischel
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Albert Bandura

Question 19

Thad is angry at his football coach for making him sit out the next game. Thad talks about his coach behind the coach's back to the other players. Thad is displaying ____ aggression.

A) displaced
B) direct
C) indirect
D) instrumental

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a good example of antisocial behavior?

A) Cruelly gossiping about an enemy
B) Boxing in a professional boxing match
C) Refusing to leave the house or talk to any friends or family
D) Killing someone for pay (as a "hit man")

Question 21

The original conceptualization of frustration-aggression theory was based on ____.

A) Freud's theories about aggression
B) social learning theory
C) behaviorist theories about aggression
D) evolutionary theories about aggression

Question 22

What does the text conclude about the human "instinct" for aggression?

A) There is no such thing.
B) Humans do seem to have an instinct for aggression, and culture seems to have little impact on it.
C) Humans do seem to have an instinct for aggression, and, in general, culture tends to feed that instinct and encourage even more aggression.
D) Humans do seem to have an instinct for aggression, but, in general, culture tends to curb that instinct and reduce aggression.

Question 23

Jayson is walking down a busy sidewalk, when someone going the opposite direction bumps into him. Jayson thinks the person meant to bump him to be rude. Jayson is most clearly exhibiting the ____.

A) hostile attribution bias
B) hostile expectation bias
C) hostile perception bias
D) indirect perception bias

Question 24

Tina watches a film in which the main character aggressively yells at his mother when he doesn't get what he wants. Later that day, Tina yells at her own mother in a similar way after failing to get something she wants. The process at play here, according to social learning theorists, is ____.

A) projection
B) monitoring
C) validation
D) modeling

Question 25

Which of the following is a well-known program of aggression research based on the social learning paradigm?

A) Richard Nisbett's "culture of honor" research
B) Muzafer Sherif's "Robber's Cave" research
C) Philip Zimbardo's "Stanford prison" research
D) Albert Bandura's "Bobo doll" research

Question 26

Angry moods tend to lead to increased aggression because ____.

A) angry people believe lashing out will improve their mood
B) angry people believe lashing out will make their mood worse
C) angry moods lead to decreased arousal
D) angry moods lead to little differences in arousal levels

Question 27

Olivia watches several pornographic films and then-without even realizing it-imitates some of the behaviors from the films when she is with her boyfriend. The social learning process at play here is called ____.

A) projection
B) monitoring
C) validation
D) modeling

Question 28

The proposal that "the occurrence of aggressive behavior always presupposes the existence of frustration [and] the existence of frustration always leads to some form of aggression" is known as ____.

A) the frustration-aggression hypothesis
B) the hostile expectation bias
C) relational aggression theory
D) displacement

Question 29

Jayson accidentally bumped into a guy as he was walking down the street. He anticipates that the fellow will assume the "bump" was purposeful and will react aggressively. Jayson is exhibiting the ____ bias.

A) hostile attribution
B) hostile perception
C) hostile expectation
D) indirect expectation

Question 30

What do most experts today say about the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

A) Most agree that frustration always prompts aggression, but most also agree that aggression can occur in the absence of frustration.
B) Most agree that aggression always arises from frustration, but most also agree that frustration does not always lead to aggression.
C) Most agree that frustration and aggression are strongly linked, but most disagree with the idea that one always involves the other.
D) Most agree with the hypothesis in full.

Question 31

Albert Bandura's "Bobo doll" research provided support for ____.

A) the idea of catharsis
B) the frustration-aggression hypothesis
C) social learning theory
D) the idea of displaced aggression

Question 32

Which of the following always lead(s) to aggression?

A) Frustration (but not anger)
B) Anger (but not frustration)
C) Both frustration and anger
D) Neither frustration nor anger

Question 33

Are humans instinctively violent? It would be most accurate to say that ____.

A) humans are naturally more or less nonviolent, and that society encourages violence
B) humans are naturally somewhat violent, but that society can significantly change and shape aggressive patterns
C) humans are naturally violent, and society can ultimately have only a limited impact on levels of aggression
D) human aggression varies enormously across time and location-with some societies showing no violence at all and others showing large amounts of violence-and is therefore likely to be purely a product of culture

Question 34

In the initial conceptualization of the frustration-aggression hypothesis, frustration was defined as ____.

A) blocking or interfering with a goal
B) a mild form of anger
C) anything that reduced pleasure
D) anything that wounded a person's ego or sense of self-esteem

Question 35

According to research on social learning theory, when people are presented with aggressive models, what happens?

A) They experience catharsis.
B) They show a decrease in prosocial behaviors and an increase in aggressive feelings and behaviors.
C) They experience catharsis and show an increase in aggressive feelings and behaviors.
D) They experience catharsis, show a decrease in prosocial behaviors, and show an increase in aggressive feelings and behaviors.

Question 36

According to ____, people learn to behave aggressively in the same way that they learn other things-by direct experience and by observing others.

A) instrumental learning theory
B) social learning theory
C) relational aggression theory
D) the cultural relativity hypothesis

Question 37

As defined by Freud, the term thanatos refers to ____.

A) suicidal thinking
B) a destructive, death instinct
C) any same-sex competitive activity
D) an aggressive personality type

Question 38

As discussed in the text, the Freudian theory of aggression ____.

A) seems to be basically correct for describing hostile aggression, but does not account for instrumental aggression
B) seems to be basically correct for describing same-sex, competitive forms of aggression, but does not account for other forms of aggression
C) needs a major overhaul
D) is basically right, but did not go far enough in specifying how people decide whether or not to act upon aggressive impulses

Question 39

Research suggests that people often learn to behave in particular ways based on modeling (observing and copying others' behaviors). Which of the following statements best describes how aggressive and nonaggressive models work?

A) Aggressive models can increase aggressive behavior. However, nonaggressive models do not appear to have much impact on people's behavior.
B) Aggressive models can increase aggressive behavior and nonaggressive models can decrease it.
C) Aggressive models do not appear to have much impact on people's behavior. However, nonaggressive models can decrease aggressive behavior.
D) Neither aggressive models nor nonaggressive models appear to have much impact on people's behavior.

Question 40

Research on social learning theory and aggression suggests that aggressive models can influence people to behave more aggressively ____.

A) but only if the model is live (rather than filmed)
B) but only if the model's target is a real person (rather than a doll)
C) but only if the model is live (rather than filmed) AND the model's target is a real person (rather than a doll)
D) regardless of whether the model is live or filmed, and regardless of whether the model's target is a real person (rather than a doll)

Question 41

When male rats are under stress, they respond by either fighting or running away (i.e., with the fight or flight syndrome). By contrast, female rats respond with ____.

A) the right or flight syndrome
B) the tend and befriend syndrome
C) flight only
D) a tendency to hide

Question 42

Consider the hostile attribution bias, the hostile perception bias, and the hostile expectation bias. People who are characteristically aggressive tend to show ____ more than people who aren't.

A) just the first bias
B) all three biases
C) just the third bias
D) just the first and third biases

Question 43

Use of the Internet to bully others is called ____.

A) identity theft
B) virtual littering
C) antisocial behavior
D) cyberbullying

Question 44

Just as Evelyn reached the bus stop, her bus pulled away. "I knew it," she muttered to herself, "the bus driver hates me." Just as she reached the lobby at work, the elevator doors were closing. "My co-workers probably saw me but let the doors close anyway," she thought. Later that day, she encountered some problems with her computer. "I bet someone was messing with my computer," she thought, "probably trying to make me screw up and look bad. Grrr." Based on these incidents, it appears that Evelyn has a ____.

A) hostile attribution bias
B) Type A attributional style
C) tendency to make the ultimate attribution error
D) hostile expectation bias

Question 45

Persistent aggression by a perpetrator against a victim for the purpose of establishing a power relationship over the victim is called ____.

A) bullying
B) cyberbullying
C) indirect aggression
D) displaced aggression

Question 46

The idea that people use aggression to try to get what they want illustrates that aggression is ____.

A) a form of social influence
B) a response to frustration
C) an instinct
D) caused by testosterone

Question 47

Jayson is eating lunch alone at a restaurant. He sees two people talking animatedly, and interprets it as arguing. Jayson is exhibiting the ____.

A) hostile attribution bias
B) hostile perception bias
C) hostile expectation bias
D) indirect expectation bias

Question 48

Research on aggression in toddlers and young children suggests that this group resorts to aggression to resolve conflicts ____.

A) more than any adolescent or adult group (e.g., even criminal or gang groups)-but does not end up committing many extremely violent crimes
B) more than any adolescent or adult group (e.g., even criminal or gang groups)-and ends up committing many extremely violent crimes
C) much less than adolescent or adult groups-and does not end up inflicting much damage or committing many extremely violent crimes
D) much less than adolescent or adult groups-but ends up committing many extremely violent crimes

Question 49

The tend and befriend syndrome is ____.

A) a female pattern of responding to general stress
B) a style of responding to aggressive threats that is often taught in anger-management therapies
C) a style of responding to aggressive threats that is characteristic of some (non-human) animals when confronted by dominant opponents
D) a general orientation toward others that many people take on when encountering new, ambiguous situations

Question 50

Research suggests that male rats who are under stress respond with the fight or flight syndrome, while female rats who are under stress respond with the tend and befriend syndrome. Does the same pattern hold true for humans?

A) In general, yes.
B) In general, no-men and women show a mix of both syndromes.
C) In general, no-women show the same fight or flight syndrome as men.
D) In general, no-men show the fight or flight syndrome while women show a simple tendency for flight.

Question 51

What distinguishes bullying from other acts of aggression?

A) It is physical in nature.
B) It is social in nature.
C) It is persistent.
D) It is short-lived.

Question 52

Roger overhears loud voices in the apartment next door, and immediately assumes that his neighbors are engaged in a domestic battle. He then talks on the phone with his friend Lamont, and learns that his friend had a very bad day: Lamont lost his job AND discovered a large dent in his car. Roger jumps to some quick conclusions. "Someone is trying to attack you," he advises Lamont. "They dented your car on purpose. It is probably no accident that you lost your job this week either; someone there is out to get you!" Roger's quick assumptions about others' intentions indicate a ____.

A) Type A attributional bias
B) hostile expectation bias
C) hostile perception bias
D) fundamental attribution error

Question 53

Which of the following is an example of social aggression?

A) A 10-year-old girl refusing to speak to a classmate out of jealousy
B) A 10-year-old boy shoving a classmate for taking his ball
C) A 30-year-old man punching his wife
D) A 30-year-old woman littering

Question 54

The idea that people use aggression as a way to relate to others highlights the ____ nature of aggression.

A) antisocial
B) social
C) direct
D) indirect

Question 55

Females are more likely than males to engage in ____ aggression.

A) physical
B) indirect
C) direct
D) relational

Question 56

Incidents in which males coerce females into having sex are fairly common, and can have serious, traumatic consequences for victims. As discussed in the text, how do such incidents compare to cases in which females coerce males into having sex?

A) These cases are also fairly common, with equally traumatic consequences.
B) These cases are also fairly common, but have less traumatic consequences.
C) These cases are extremely rare, but have equally traumatic consequences when they do occur.
D) These cases are extremely rare, and have less traumatic consequences.

Question 57

What is most accurate about cyberbullying?

A) The perpetrator uses the tend and befriend tactic.
B) The perpetrator does not use relational aggression.
C) The perpetrator cannot know the victim.
D) The perpetrator can be anonymous.

Question 58

The main difference between the hostile perception bias and the hostile attribution bias is that the former concerns ____ while the latter concerns ____.

A) events external to you as well as events that occur to you; just events that occur to you
B) emotions; cognitions
C) sensory experiences; interpretations of information
D) what might happen in the future; what has already happened

Question 59

The tendency for people to perceive ambiguous actions by others as evidence of hostility is known as the ____.

A) hostile attribution bias
B) ultimate attribution error
C) fundamental attribution error
D) Type A attributional style

Question 60

According to your text, which of the following is NOT a term used to describe violence in the home?

A) domestic violence
B) family violence
C) intimate partner violence
D) culture of honor

Question 61

Which of the following conclusions is most accurate regarding the research on violence in the mass media and aggression?

A) It has shown that violent media can cause aggression.
B) It has shown that there is a relationship between violent media and aggression, but it has not shown causality.
C) It has shown that there is a relationship between violent media and aggression for men but not for women.
D) Conclusions are mixed; it has NOT shown a clear relationship between violent media and aggression.

Question 62

The National Health and Social Life Survey found that between ____ of women had been forced into some sexual activity against their will.

A) between 1% and 2%
B) between 7% and 12%
C) between 15% and 22%
D) between 20% and 28%

Question 63

Which woman is most at risk for domestic violence?

A) Leah, who has been married to Jacob for 30 years
B) Rachel, who has been married to Mark for one year
C) Eve, who is engaged to Seth
D) Phoebe, who is living with her boyfriend

Question 64

Your text argues that violent video games are ____ than violent television.

A) less likely to promote aggression
B) more likely to promote aggression
C) equally likely to promote aggression
D) much safer for children

Question 65

Is domestic violence a recent phenomenon? Is it on the rise or on the decline?

A) Domestic violence is a recent phenomenon, but also increasingly rejected by cultural norms and laws.
B) Domestic violence is a recent phenomenon that is apparently on the rise.
C) Domestic violence is a phenomenon with a long history, but increasingly rejected by cultural norms and laws.
D) Domestic violence is a phenomenon with a long history and apparently now on the rise.

Question 66

The risk of domestic violence for single women (women who are divorced, separated, co-habiting, or never married) is approximately _____ the risk for married women.

A) three times higher than
B) the same as
C) half as high as
D) one-tenth as high as

Question 67

The textbook authors conclude that ____.

A) the costs of gun ownership outweigh the benefits
B) the benefits of gun ownership outweigh the costs
C) the costs and benefits of gun ownership are roughly equal
D) for females, it is beneficial to own a gun, but for males, it increases the risk for aggression

Question 68

Empirical research leads to the conclusion that ____.

A) violent media are not causally linked to aggression
B) violent media exposure is inversely linked to aggression
C) violent media exposure increases aggressive behavior
D) violent media exposure has no effect on aggressive behavior

Question 69

Research on sexually coercive men (men who commit date rapes or stranger rapes) suggests that these men ____.

A) tend to lack basic social skills and basic dating skills
B) have a strong sexual motivation and place a high value on sexual conquests
C) tend to have extremely low self-esteem
D) tend to be homosexuals who vehemently deny their homosexual feelings

Question 70

Research on domestic violence indicates that being an abusive spouse is ____ to being an abusive parent, and that being a victim of child abuse is ____ to being an abusive parent in adulthood.

A) related; related
B) related; unrelated
C) unrelated; related
D) unrelated; unrelated

Question 71

In Donnerstein and Berkowitz's (1981) study, men watched different types of films and then were insulted by a confederate who was either male or female. When they were later given the chance to retaliate to the confederate, men who had watched a violent sexual film clip of a man raping a woman were ____.

A) more aggressive than men who had not viewed the rape scene
B) more aggressive than men who had not viewed the rape scene, especially if the confederate was the male provoker
C) more aggressive than men who had not viewed the rape scene, especially if the confederate was the female provoker
D) less aggressive than men who had not viewed the rape scene

Question 72

Given the research on violence in the mass media and viewer aggression, which of the following conclusions is MOST accurate?

A) Violent media can have serious, long-term impacts in terms of increasing aggressiveness in viewers.
B) Violent media can have mild, short-term impacts in terms of increasing aggressiveness in viewers, and may or may not have more serious or longer-term impacts.
C) Exposure to violent media is one of the most difficult risk factors to alter in terms of preventing aggression.
D) Violent media seem to increase some forms of aggression among people who are already prone to aggression, but to have little or no impact on people who are not already prone to aggression.

Question 73

The weapons effect refers to ____.

A) the tendency for the mere presence of a weapon to increase aggression
B) the tendency for the ownership of a weapon to increase aggression
C) the tendency for aggressive people to construe ambiguous items as weapons
D) the tendency for people to assume that if others have weapons, they must have aggressive intentions

Question 74

Research on the weapons effect shows that this effect occurs ____.

A) via social learning
B) through a nonconscious, automatic process
C) for men but not women
D) only for people who are already angry

Question 75

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the weapons effect?

A) A reporter goes to a gun show to cover a story for the local paper. On the way home he stops for lunch, and he finds himself acting aggressively and rudely to the waiter.
B) A gun owner finds that she acts tougher and colder now that she owns a gun.
C) A hardened criminal notices that a man has his hand in his pocket, and immediately assumes that the man is concealing a gun.
D) A country learns that another country is experimenting with nuclear technology, and immediately assumes that the other country is planning an attack.

Question 76

A reporter goes to a gun show to cover a story for the local paper, and is inundated with the sight of guns. On the way home, he stops for lunch. Here he finds himself acting aggressively and rudely to the waiter. Which of the following best explains his behavior?

A) Thanatos
B) Triggered displacement
C) The weapons effect
D) Displacement

Question 77

Which of the following seems to be a myth-an idea that is perpetrated by popular culture but NOT supported by research?

A) Rates of violence can be affected by diet (what you eat).
B) Drinking alcohol is associated with increased aggression.
C) Men engage in domestic violence more frequently than women.
D) Violence in the media contributes to aggression in children.

Question 78

As discussed in the text, sexually coercive men (men who commit date rapes or stranger rapes) tend to ____.

A) have low self-esteem
B) be narcissistic
C) have alcohol or substance-related disorders
D) have erectile dysfunctions

Question 79

Are abused children more likely than children who are non-abused to abuse their own children when they grow up?

A) Yes-most abused children grow up to be abusers, while most non-abused children don't.
B) Yes-although most abused children do NOT grow up to be abusers, they are more likely to become abusers than non-abused children.
C) No-there are no differences between the two groups.
D) The answer is unknown-although this issue has been discussed at length in the popular media, there have still not been well-controlled studies that would allow for a solid test of the hypothesis.

Question 80

While males are routinely described as more aggressive than females, there are exceptions. For example, ____.

A) female infants are more aggressive than male infants
B) elderly women are more aggressive than elderly men
C) women are more verbally aggressive than men
D) women attack their relationship partners slightly more often than men do