Deck 3: Perceptions and Attributions

Question 1

Implicit personality theory refers to a person's beliefs about the relationships between another person's family background and personality.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The belief that all members of a specific group share similar traits and behaviors is known as perceptual defense.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

In Across Cultures Competency: According to Bryan Carmack, the manager of a McDonald's located in the Asian community of Los Angeles, the restaurant uses feng shui as a way to

A) make customers move quickly through their dining process.
B) make customers aware of Asian culture.
C) make the restaurant a peaceful place to be.
D) extend the use of existing supplies.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Marcus thinks Katelyn's voice sounds rather masculine and somewhat cold. He is using implicit personality theory to make this judgment.

Question 5

Individuals who use impression management tactics but have low political skill are less likely to be viewed favorably and should avoid using those tactics.

Question 6

Listening is the process by which the individual selects, organizes, interprets, and responds to information.

Question 7

Johan believes the parking lot attendant wants him to pull into the next spot because the attendant is waving at him and has a smile on his face. Which stage of the perception process is Johan using?

A) perceptual organization
B) response
C) perceptual selection
D) observation

Question 8

Nora was using impression management when she decided to wear her dark grey suit to the interview because she thought the bank manager would notice how professional she looked.

Question 9

Colin was relying on a perceptual set when he agreed to produce four cartons of the product for his customer because this was the same thing he provided the customer with last month.

Question 10

Claire is using self-fulfilling prophecy when she tries to focus on what her coworker is saying even though her phone is ringing and e-mail keeps pouring into her inbox.

Question 11

In Across Cultures Competency: The red accent color McDonald's uses in its restaurants in the Asian community of Los Angeles is used to symbolize laughter and prosperity.

Question 12

According to the attribution process, individual behavior is the result of random events.

Question 13

In Learning from Experience: Even with multiple accusations of doping, the Lance Armstrong Foundation has always stood by its namesake founder.

Question 14

In Learning from Experience: How did Allison Watkins, director of brand partnerships for the Lance Armstrong Foundation, respond when Armstrong personally apologized to the charity for his doping scandal?

A) She became angry and asked him to leave.
B) She cried because her career was ruined.
C) She applauded him for his courage.
D) She was skeptical and wondered if he was being sincere.

Question 15

Lydia may have been guilty of similarity error when she selected Kevin for the job because he had attended the same college as Lydia, lived in her apartment complex, and also enjoyed playing golf.

Question 16

When Kelly walked into the grocery store, she headed straight for the produce section and ignored the workers handing out free samples. What part of the perceptual process is she using?

A) interpretation
B) response
C) perceptual selection
D) perceptual organization

Question 17

The Golem effect refers to the loss in performance which results from low expectations by the manager.

Question 18

In Ethics Competency: To save costs, the Gap clothing retailer no longer monitors the working conditions in factories where its products are made.

Question 19

Caroline wasn't sure if her coworker was serious or joking when he said their department should boycott the next management meeting if they aren't guaranteed a pay raise. Which stage of the perception process is Caroline using?

A) interpretation
B) response
C) observation
D) perceptual selection

Question 20

In Self Competency, Doing Business in Asian Countries: When Arab businesspeople receive a gift, they will open it immediately

Question 21

Pam listens carefully to what her coworkers have to say because she knows how important it is to take into account other opinions. What internal factor affects Pam's perception?

A) learning
B) familiarity
C) contrast
D) personality

Question 22

Ricardo is a car salesperson and he likes to show customers the luxury model of a car before showing them the lower-priced model because they tend to see the lower-priced model as a better value. Which external factor is he using to adjust the customer's perspective?

A) size
B) contrast
C) intensity
D) motion

Question 23

In Self Competency, Doing Business in Arab Countries: _____ involves withholding one's reactions to give the other party a way to exit the situation with minimal discomfort.

A) saving face
B) visualization
C) accommodation
D) relation

Question 24

Carlos has worked for four years in the logistics department and he can't understand why the marketing department thinks the company can decrease delivery times just by hiring another vendor. Which internal factor is distorting his perception?

A) attribution
B) motivation
C) personality
D) learning

Question 25

A(n) _____ is an expectation of a particular interpretation based on a person's past experience with the same or similar object.

A) attribution
B) perceptual set
C) cognitive dissonance
D) feng shui

Question 26

Implicit personality theory demonstrates a relationship between a person's _____ and personality.

A) family history
B) physical characteristics
C) social status
D) economic status

Question 27

Pierre feels confident that the 2016 report is more accurate than the 2017 report because the 2016 report contains 500 more pages of documentation. Which external factor is affecting his perception?

A) intensity
B) motion
C) novelty
D) size

Question 28

Which of the following represents an external factor that affects perception?

A) personality
B) intensity
C) motivation
D) learning

Question 29

There are three factors that influence how a person perceives another person. Which of the following is NOT one of those factors?

A) quantity of information exchanged
B) characteristics of the perceived
C) characteristics of the perceiver
D) situation or context where perception occurs

Question 30

Jason heard the phone ringing but decided not to answer it because he knew it was his boss calling to ask where the monthly sales report was. What type of internal factor is affecting Jason's perception?

A) learning
B) novelty
C) motivation
D) personality

Question 31

After Marta received her new roommate's name, she found her on Facebook and worried that she looked like a party-girl. This is an example of the _____ theory.

A) cognitive dissonance
B) Pollyanna principle
C) implicit personality
D) self-actualization

Question 32

As he spoke with Emily on the phone, Grigor decided she must not be very intelligent because she had a high-pitched voice and giggled constantly. Which theory is Grigor using to make his analysis of Emily?

A) cognitive dissonance
B) Pollyanna principle
C) feng shui
D) implicit personality

Question 33

The process by which people filter out most information so they can concentrate on the most important matters is called

A) selective screening.
B) cognitive dissonance.
C) feng shui.
D) a perceptual set.

Question 34

The communication style in China can be characterized as generally

A) inclusive.
B) direct.
C) dismissive.
D) indirect.

Question 35

A(n) _____ is an employee who lives and works outside of their home country.

A) intrapatriate
B) inpatriate
C) expatriate
D) repatriate

Question 36

Which of these scenarios shows how motion works as an external factor in perceptual selection?

A) To convince the client to go with the new advertisement, Ned displayed the ad on a poster that was ten times the size of a regular magazine page.
B) Bobby received an e-mail from his boss that said, "Please report immediately to the human resource director."
C) Jane was hired by the sandwich shop to stand outside with a signboard and direct people into the store.
D) Kellen reminded the marketing group to always include the company logo in any materials they sent out.

Question 37

What external factor that can affect perception is in use when a commercial includes the phrase "now in a larger size!" four times within one ad?

A) repetition
B) motion
C) contrast
D) familiarity

Question 38

Which of these employees is exemplifying the Pollyanna principle?

A) Ivan is impulsive and always promises clients that a product will ship the next day before he even checks with the warehouse.
B) As an accountant, Luis thought it was better for the company to buy in bulk rather than a la cart because they would save money.
C) Nadia suggested that incorporating the company logo on every piece of marketing material would improve customer relations.
D) Even though her boss had also told her he was disappointed in her last sales report, Heidi told her coworker that the boss said he appreciated her enthusiasm and the way she interacted with clients.

Question 39

According to the _____, people process pleasant events more efficiently and accurately than they do unpleasant events.

A) Pollyanna principle
B) hierarchy of needs
C) concept of selective screening
D) learning principle

Question 40

What is the basic belief of feng shui?

A) Nature is the starting point for nurture.
B) Space needs to be in harmony with the environment.
C) A calm mind leads to a calm body.
D) Organizations and individuals are opposing forces.

Question 41

Mollie is looking through her files to find an employee who would be suitable for a three-year overseas assignment. What important personality trait should she take into consideration?

A) patience
B) divisiveness
C) intolerance
D) rigidity

Question 42

If you are an American conducting business in an Arab country, it would be appropriate for you to

A) compliment the host regarding the beauty of his wife.
B) only use words when greeting another person.
C) be the first to extend your hand for a handshake when being introduced.
D) greet a female employee with a kiss on the cheek.

Question 43

According to a Global Relations Services report, two countries present expatriates with the greatest challenge. What are those two countries?

A) Pakistan and North Africa
B) United States and Japan
C) Sweden and Ireland
D) China and India

Question 44

Geoff had done a poor job on the last two projects his boss assigned so he knew his boss didn't expect much when he gave him another project. Geoff does minimal work because he figures he will lose his job soon. What type of perceptual error does this represent?

A) perceptual defense
B) Pygmalion effect
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) stereotyping

Question 45

The tendency for people to protect themselves against ideas, objects, or situations they consider threatening is called

A) Pollyanna principle.
B) first-impression error.
C) perceptual defense.
D) similarity principle.

Question 46

During her two-year assignment in Egypt, Stephanie learned it was appropriate to withhold her reactions in order to give another person the opportunity to exit an uncomfortable situation. This is known as

A) the Pollyanna principle.
B) saving face.
C) implicit personality.
D) role-playing.

Question 47

Which impression management tactic is Cassandra using when she asks for help planning the retirement party when she could do it easily on her own?

A) ingratiation
B) supplication
C) intimidation
D) self-promotion

Question 48

Nicole was surprised when Ethan seemed confused about his role on his first day of work since he had seemed very comfortable with what was expected of him when she interviewed him last week. This is an example of a _____ perceptual error.

A) contrast effect
B) stereotyping
C) projection
D) halo effect

Question 49

A(n) _____ skill is the ability to understand others at work and use this understanding to influence others and promote personal objectives.

A) political
B) economic
C) sociocultural
D) global

Question 50

When Natalie heard the news reports about the large number of lay-offs taking place in the airline industry, she worried that her healthcare job would also be affected. What type of perceptual error is Natalie making?

A) Golem effect
B) halo effect
C) stereotyping
D) projection

Question 51

The Golem effect takes into consideration low expectations of the

A) industry.
B) manager.
C) organization.
D) employee.

Question 52

Stereotyping is defined as

A) the belief that all members of a specific group share similar traits and behaviors.
B) when one positive or negative characteristic dominates the way a person is viewed by others.
C) the tendency for people to protect themselves against ideas, objects, or situations that are threatening.
D) the tendency for someone's expectations about another to cause that person to behave in a manner consistent with those expectations.

Question 53

Matt wasn't very impressed when Corinne walked into the interview ten minutes late looking like she just woke up. He didn't realize that she had flown in from Denver for the interview and her plane was delayed and her luggage had been lost. What is affecting Matt's perceptual accuracy?

A) first-impression error
B) Pollyanna principle
C) similarity error
D) perceptual defense

Question 54

_____ is the impression management technique in which a person flatters others so they will see the person as likeable.

A) Supplication
B) Intimidation
C) Ingratiation
D) Exemplification

Question 55

Colton decided not to hire the candidate who had attended the state school because he knew that everyone who went to that school preferred to party rather than study. Which perceptual error is Colton making?

A) halo effect
B) stereotyping
C) contrast effects
D) projection

Question 56

Bethany told Sophia she would receive a 7% raise at the end of the year because Bethany appreciated Sophia's gentle manner when she spoke with customers on the phone. Unfortunately, Bethany didn't realize that Sophia rarely helped the customers and they usually hung up and called back to request a different representative. Which perceptual error does this demonstrate?

A) Pygmalion effect
B) Pollyanna principle
C) halo effect
D) Golem effect

Question 57

The _____ occurs when someone holds high expectations of another person and that alone improves the individual's performance.

A) Pollyanna principle
B) halo effect
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) Pygmalion effect

Question 58

Which of these is NOT typically a common reason for expatriate failure?

A) family concerns
B) technical competence
C) lowered security
D) inability to adapt

Question 59

The _____ error occurs when interviewers have a negative response to a job candidate that doesn't share their same interests or background.

A) complacency
B) dissonance
C) first-impression
D) similarity

Question 60

Phillip thinks that Marietta makes mistakes when she inputs orders because she hasn't been trained properly. He is using the ____ to come to this conclusion.

A) halo effect
B) attribution process
C) contrast effect
D) Pollyanna principle

Question 61

With regard to attribution theory, _____ is the extent to which others, faced with the same situation, behave in a manner similar to the person perceived.

A) consensus
B) vividness
C) distinctiveness
D) consistency

Question 62

Describe three external factors that can affect perception. Provide examples of each.

Question 63

Rather than mention the minimal effort he had put into the assignment, Jeremy told his manager that he lost the client because it was the wrong time of year to ask for new business. Jeremy attributed his failure to an external factor which is an example of

A) the halo principle.
B) self-serving bias.
C) the contrast effect.
D) the Pollyanna principle.

Question 64

Describe five impression management techniques.

Question 65

Define the Golem effect and recall the three things that managers can do to create positive performance expectations.

Question 66

Describe a situation in which the halo effect affects perception.

Question 67

Compare and contrast the perceptual errors of perceptual defense and stereotyping.

Question 68

During the attribution process, which of these is an example of an antecedent?

A) behavior
B) feelings
C) beliefs
D) expectations

Question 69

Identify the three components of the attribution process.

Question 70

Describe and exemplify the steps in the perceptual process.

Question 71

Detail how personality, learning, and motivation influence perception.

Question 72

Micah knows it's unusual for Frederique to be late turning in his report because he typically turns it in three days early. Micah wonders if he has something going on at home that's preventing him from getting the report done. Based on attribution theory, which factor is Micah taking into account?

A) distinctiveness
B) consensus
C) vividness
D) consistency

Question 73

Compare and contrast the perceptual errors of projection and contrast effects.

Question 74

Define an expatriate and discuss reasons for expatriate failure.

Question 75

In Ethics Competency: the Gap has a color-coded factory rating system in which the color ____ is the most favorable meaning that it is a high-performing factory with almost no violations.

A) red
B) yellow
C) light green
D) the Pollyanna principle.