Deck 7: Learners With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Question 1

All of the following are true EXCEPT

A)If a child has ADHD, there is about a 32% chance his or her sibling will have it.
B)Children of parents with ADHD have about a 57% chance of having ADHD themselves.
C)If an identical twin and a fraternal twin have ADHD, the second fraternal twin is much more likely to have ADHD than the second identical twin.
D)Exposure to lead and the abuse of alcohol by pregnant women increases the likelihood of ADHD.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which statement about the brains of people with ADHD is true?

A)Neuroimaging techniques have shown there is a neurological basis for ADHD.
B)Neuroimaging technology has shown there is no neurological basis for ADHD.
C)Most people with ADHD show neurological signs of tissue damage to the brain.
D)There is a diagnostic blood test now available for ADHD.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What do many authorities currently suggest should replace inattention as the primary deficit in ADHD?

A)hyperactivity
B)behavioral inhibition
C)aggressiveness
D)subtle brain damage

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Cruickshank's work was important for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

A)The children he studied had cerebral palsy, definitely caused by brain damage.
B)Most of the children had average intelligence.
C)He was among the first to have an educational program for children with characteristics of what is now called ADHD.
D)He showed that hyperactivity could exist concomitantly with mental retardation.

Question 5

Which of the following is a way that Still's cases were similar to today's population of persons with ADHD?

A)Many had average intelligence.
B)The condition was more prevalent in females than males.
C)There was no evidence of a hereditary basis.
D)Most of the children had no other psychological or physical problems.

Question 6

Each of the following is true EXCEPT

A)the growth of the Other Health Impaired category suggests that students with ADHD are identified as OHI.
B)ADHD occurs much more frequently in boys than in girls.
C)Gender differences in diagnosis of ADHD are likely due to biological differences.
D)Statistics show that ADHD is largely a U.S. phenomenon.

Question 7

Students with ADHD receive special education services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)in which category?

A)ADHD
B)learning disabilities
C)emotional or behavioral disorders
D)other health impaired

Question 8

The basal ganglia and cerebellum are responsible for

A)regulating one's own behavior.
B)executive functioning.
C)coordination and control of motor behavior.
D)communication between the hemispheres of the brain.

Question 9

Each of the following is a subdivision of ADHD according to the American Psychiatric Association's diagnostic manual EXCEPT

A)predominantly hyperactive-inattentive type.
B)predominantly inattentive type.
C)predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type.
D)combined type.

Question 10

Part of the brain responsible for executive functions such as the ability to regulate one's own behavior is the

A)basal ganglia.
B)cerebellum.
C)corpus collosum.
D)frontal lobes.

Question 11

According to most authorities, what is the estimate for the percentage of school-age children with ADHD?

A)1-3%
B)5-8%
C)8-10%
D)3-7%

Question 12

Which of the following is a reason why ADHD was not included when the federal government began tracking the prevalence of disabilities?

A)There was a large body of research suggesting it is not a distinct disability.
B)The advocacy base for children with ADHD was not yet well-developed.
C)There was already a category for minimal brain injury.
D)The federal government put a cap on the number of disability types to be served by public schools.

Question 13

One neurotransmitter involved in sending messages between neurons and the brain that is found in abnormal levels in people with ADHD is

A)histamine.
B)dopamine.
C)dexadrine.
D)caladrine.

Question 14

Which aspect of persons described as "hyperactive and distractible" did Werner and Strauss's research examine?

A)disorganized behavior
B)figure-ground confusion
C)hyperactivity
D)perseveration

Question 15

The tendency to repeat the same behaviors over and over again is called

A)perseverance.
B)redundancy.
C)perseveration.
D)repetition.

Question 16

All of the following provide a historical basis for the existence of ADHD EXCEPT

A)Still's children with "defective moral control."
B)Goldstein's brain-injured soldiers of World War I.
C)Cruickshank's syndrome.
D)Hyperactive child syndrome.

Question 17

All of the following are used to identify ADHD EXCEPT

A)a medical exam.
B)a clinician interviewing parents.
C)standardized assessment tests.
D)teacher-and parent-rating scales.

Question 18

A physician credited with being the first to address the issue of attention deficits in the professional literature is

A)George Still.
B)Alexander Chrichton.
C)William Cruickshank.
D)Kurt Goldstein.

Question 19

Rating scales are generally filled out by each of the following EXCEPT

A)parents
B)medical doctors
C)teachers
D)the child

Question 20

With regards to changing criteria for identifying ADHD, professionals have commented that

A)few individuals are purely inattentive.
B)some children's symptoms are not severe enough to be considered ADHD until after they are 7.
C)the number of symptoms tends to increase with age.
D)as a person's symptoms decrease over time, their functioning is no longer significantly impaired.

Question 21

All of the following are suggestions for teaching students with ADHD EXCEPT

A)divide instruction into meaningful chunks.
B)provide a rationale for each lesson.
C)include opportunities for guided practice.
D)avoid "thinking aloud" as this is very distracting.

Question 22

All of the following are intervention principles for ADHD, according to Pfiffner, Barkley, & DuPaul (2006), EXCEPT

A)Reinforcers should remain consistently the same.
B)Rules and instructions must be clear and brief.
C)Consequences must be delivered swiftly and immediately.
D)Consequences must be delivered more frequently than for other students.

Question 23

The behavior of one student is tied to the outcome of the whole group in a

A)group consequence model.
B)contingency-based self-monitoring model.
C)group contingency model.
D)consequence-based self-management model.

Question 24

The most frequently prescribed types of medication for students with ADHD are

A)depressants.
B)mood enhancers.
C)psychotropics.
D)psychostimulants.

Question 25

Most students with ADHD spend most of their time in which of the following settings?

A)general education classroom
B)special day school
C)self-contained classroom
D)resource room

Question 26

ADHD has been frequently shown to coexist with each of the following EXCEPT

A)learning disabilities.
B)emotional or behavioral disorders.
C)intellectual disabilities.
D)substance abuse.

Question 27

Determining the antecedents, consequences, and setting events that maintain inappropriate behaviors is called

A)functional assessment.
B)functional analysis.
C)behavior management.
D)behavioral contracting.

Question 28

Each of the following statements about the coexistence of ADHD with other conditions is true EXCEPT

A)There is an overlap of 10 to 25 percent between ADHD and learning disabilities.
B)There is an overlap of 25 to 50 percent between ADHD and emotional or behavioral disorders.
C)Intellectual disability occurs more often among people with ADHD than in the general population.
D)Very little research supports the claim that children treated with psychostimulants are more likely to use illegal substances later in life.

Question 29

A teaching model that includes content instruction by one teacher to a large group of students and remedial or supplementary instruction by the other teacher to a small group of students is

A)Alternative Teaching.
B)Parallel Teaching.
C)Team Teaching.
D)Station Teaching.

Question 30

According to Barkley, each of the following is a way that people with ADHD can exhibit problems with executive function EXCEPT

A)They often have problems with short-term memory.
B)They frequently have delayed inner speech.
C)They have problems controlling emotions and arousal levels.
D)They have difficulty analyzing problems.

Question 31

Abilities needed to be successful in one's living environment (e.g., communication, self-care, social skills, and leisure)are called

A)functional skills.
B)life skills.
C)practical skills.
D)adaptive behavior skills.

Question 32

The negative social status experienced by students with ADHD is

A)usually long lasting.
B)usually overcome by early adulthood.
C)largely a myth associated with the label.
D)generally an issue only during high school.

Question 33

All of the following are characteristics of Cruickshank's program for students who would today meet the criteria for ADHD EXCEPT

A)the reduction of stimuli irrelevant to learning.
B)a strong emphasis on student-directed learning.
C)the enhancement of materials important for learning.
D)a structured program.

Question 34

All of the following are examples of behavioral inhibition EXCEPT

A)the ability to wait one's turn.
B)refraining from interrupting in conversations.
C)working for immediate gratification or short-term rewards.
D)resisting potential distractions while working.

Question 35

In contingency-based self-management, the "contingency" is usually a type of

A)punishment.
B)reward.
C)aversive.
D)contract.

Question 36

Compared to students with other disabilities, students with ADHD

A)have fewer social skills problems.
B)have more close friends.
C)are more disliked by their peers.
D)are viewed as less rude.

Question 37

Having persons keep track of their own behavior and then receive consequences based on that behavior is called

A)consequence-based self-monitoring.
B)contingency-based functional assessment.
C)contingency-based self-management.
D)consequence-based self-management.

Question 38

Which of the following is a recommended technique for co-teaching students with ADHD?

A)All Teach, No Drift
B)Parallel Teaching
C)Accommodation Teaching
D)Multi-Group Teaching

Question 39

Which of the following statements about Ritalin is true?

A)Research is overwhelmingly negative on its effectiveness in helping students have more normalized behavioral inhibition and executive functioning.
B)Ritalin is not effective for about 30% of people who take it.
C)Ritalin has no side effects.
D)By taking Ritalin, children with ADHD are more likely to become abusers of drugs later in life.

Question 40

The ability to withhold a planned response; to interrupt a response that has been started; to protect an ongoing activity from interfering activities; and to delay a response refers to

A)behavioral inhibition.
B)behavioral control.
C)self-control.
D)executive functions.

Question 41

A therapeutic technique that involves identifying someone whom the person with ADHD can rely on for support is

A)training.
B)coaching.
C)encouraging.
D)directing.

Question 42

The best "test" for ADHD in adults is

A)Conners behavior scales.
B)an MRI to test for brain abnormalities.
C)the person's life and medical history.
D)referrals from past teachers.

Question 43

Punishment as a contingency for inappropriate behavior is especially important for self-management techniques to be effective.

Question 44

A behavioral recording system that allows a teacher to conduct brief observations and collect data on a specific set of behaviors is

A)momentary time sampling.
B)contingency-based recording.
C)intermittent time sampling.
D)continuous time sampling.

Question 45

Explain why the terms "minimal brain injury" and "hyperactive child syndrome" have fallen out of favor.

Question 46

Which statement is TRUE about the Telephone Interview Probe (TIP)?

A)It uses comprehensive, weekly telephone calls with parents to determine effects of intervention,
B)It is particularly useful for determining the effects of psychostimulants at different times of the day.
C)It has a broader time frame than many other common rating scales.
D)It is only used to provide ratings of inattention.

Question 47

Hyperactivity is a characteristic of all children with ADHD.

Question 48

Sugar has been documented to cause hyperactivity.

Question 49

All of the following are cautions concerning Ritalin EXCEPT

A)It should not be prescribed at the first sign of a behavioral problem.
B)The results for academic outcomes are unclear.
C)Proper dosage levels vary considerably.
D)It is an over-the-counter substance with little chance of abuse.

Question 50

Samples taken from the population at-large indicate that girls outnumber boys with ADHD at a ratio of 3:1.

Question 51

Each of the following conclusions about adults with ADHD have been documented EXCEPT

A)They finish fewer years of school.
B)They have more automobile infractions.
C)They have fewer marital problems.
D)They have more addictive behaviors.

Question 52

Diagnosis of young children with ADHD is particularly difficult because

A)there is no funding to do assessment in preschool.
B)the symptoms usually do not appear before a child is eight years of age.
C)preschool teachers have no training in identifying children with disabilities.
D)many preschoolers without ADHD exhibit a great deal of activity and impulsivity.

Question 53

The majority of people with ADHD experience significant problems in peer relations.

Question 54

An appropriate method for monitoring academic progress is

A)momentary time sampling.
B)program monitoring
C)response-cost.
D)curriculum-based measurement.

Question 55

The effect of Ritalin on persons with ADHD is the same as the effects on persons without ADHD

Question 56

According to the National Institute of Mental Health, the treatment for ADHD that shows the most effective immediate results is

A)medication management.
B)behavioral management.
C)combined medication management and behavioral management.
D)community care.

Question 57

About one-third of individuals diagnosed with ADHD in childhood will continue to have significant symptoms into adulthood.

Question 58

Most authorities in the area of ADHD are opposed to the use of Ritalin.

Question 59

Recent research shows that there is evidence of a neurological basis for ADHD.

Question 60

ADHD is not a separate special education category under IDEA.

Question 61

How have methods for teaching students with ADHD changed since Cruickshank's approach in the late 1950s? In what ways are today's methods similar to Cruickshank's ideas?

Question 62

Explain why ADHD is not included as a separate category of special education under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)and why many professionals are disappointed with this situation.

Question 63

Write one descriptive sentence for three psychological and behavioral characteristics of people with ADHD described in the text.

Question 64

Describe four ways that special and general education teachers can collaborate to serve students with ADHD.

Question 65

What is meant by the statement: "It may not be that they do not know how to behave appropriately so much as that they are unable to do so"?

Question 66

Explain the difficulty students with ADHD have managing task switches and suggest three cognitive supports for transitioning from one activity to another.

Question 67

What do authorities recommend regarding instruction of preschoolers diagnosed with ADHD?

Question 68

Write a brief scenario describing a student's problem behavior. Then, explain how a functional behavioral assessment (FBA)could be used to determine the "function" of the behavior. Next, describe a contingency-based self-management plan that could be used to address the problem behavior within the context of its apparent function.

Question 69

Describe the four components used in the identification of ADHD.