Deck 2: Fundamentals of Chemistry

Question 1

Atoms take part in bond formation to

A) form polypeptides
B) attain a stable electron configuration
C) increase their charge density
D) increase their energy

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which one of the following pairs is matched correctly?

A) carbon-organic compounds
B) glucose- hydrogen bonds
C) ions-covalent bonds
D) phosphate-enzyme

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The smallest particle of matter that can take part in chemical reactions

A) glucose
B) compound
C) neutron
D) atom

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A nucleic acid has a "backbone" consisting of

A) nitrogenous bases
B) sugars
C) phosphates.
D) b and c

Question 5

Chemical reactions occur:

A) between elements that have magnetic repulsion.
B) rarely as very few elements have electrons in their outer shell.
C) during metabolism as they are necessary for making the substance of cells.
D) only in eukaryotes as they require a nucleus.

Question 6

In order to become an ion,an atom of chlorine must

A) gain an electron
B) form a covalent bond
C) lose an electron
D) form a hydrogen bond

Question 7

Two or more atoms combine to form

A) a cation.
B) a molecule.
C) a protein.
D) an ion.

Question 8

Electrons that have more energy have a _______ charge and are found in the _________.

A) positive; inner electron shell
B) positive; outer electron shell
C) negative; nucleus
D) negative; outer electron shell

Question 9

Chemically stable atoms are inert or less likely to form chemical bonds. What characterizes a chemically stable element?

A) has eight electrons in the outer shell
B) has the same number of protons as electrons
C) atomic number is equal to the atomic mass
D) forms hydrogen bonds

Question 10

The total number of protons in an atom is equal to its

A) atomic weight
B) molecular weight
C) chemical weight
D) atomic number

Question 11

The atomic nucleus consists of:

A) cations and anions
B) protons, electrons and neutrons
C) protons and neutrons
D) solutes and colloids

Question 12

An ion is all of the following except:

A) a charged atom
B) an atom that has lost or gained one or more electrons
C) either a cation or an anion
D) an atom with the same number of protons as electrons

Question 13

When sodium hydroxide,a strong base,is added to water,the pH of the solution

A) goes up.
B) remains the same.
C) goes down.
D) cannot be determined.

Question 14

Combinations that form from mixtures of different elements are called

A) isotopes
B) atoms
C) ions
D) compounds

Question 15

The double helix is a structure associated with

A) disaccarides
B) a compound with hydrogen bonds
C) lipids
D) DNA

Question 16

Ions with opposite charges are generally held together by

A) covalent bonds
B) ionic bonds
C) hydrogen bonds
D) municipal bonds

Question 17

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

A) Protein-amino acids
B) Nucleic acids- nucleotides
C) Carbohydrates- glucose
D) Fats- aldehyde

Question 18

When proteins are made up of several polypeptide chains,the arrangement of these chains is referred to as:

A) primary structure
B) secondary structure
C) tertiary structure
D) quaternary structure

Question 19

Proteins are chains of ______ that sometimes function as________

A) disaccharides; cell wall
B) amino acids; enzymes
C) lipids; energy compounds
D) glycogen; enzymes

Question 20

The three fundamental particles of the atom are

A) elements, molecules, compounds
B) ions, cations, anions.
C) proteins, lipids, sugars
D) proton, neutron, electron

Question 21

Which is a false statement about water?

A) water molecules are polar
B) it has a high specific heat because of the extensive covalent bonds between molecules
C) hydrogen atoms in water form a region with a partial positive charge
D) water's polarity allows for many ionic compounds to be dissolved in it

Question 22

Solutions made up of molecules that are not chemically bonded and are not limited to specific proportions are called

A) mixtures
B) elements
C) chemical compounds
D) polar compounds

Question 23

The pH scale is used to specify the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Which of the following statements is true?

A) stomach acid has a pH around 10
B) neutral solutions, like water, have a pH of 10
C) a solution with a pH of 12 has 10 times the number of protons as a solution with a pH of 11
D) a strong base will have a pH less than 10.

Question 24

Identify which of the following is not a colloid

A) salt water
B) gelatin desserts
C) agar plates used to grow microorganisms
D) fluid in cells

Question 25

In salt,a sodium atom loses an electron to a chlorine atom. What is true about the chloride ion found in salt?

A) it has one less electron than proton
B) it is less chemically stable than a chlorine atom
C) it is an anion
D) it is in a covalent bond

Question 26

Carbohydrates

A) are relatively insoluble in water
B) have a four ring structure
C) are used primarily for energy and cellular structures
D) have primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure

Question 27

What is true about oxidation?

A) the more oxidized a molecule the less energy it contains
B) is the removal of oxygen or the addition of hydrogen or electrons to a substance
C) gasoline represents the extreme of energy-rich oxidized compounds
D) oxidation reactions only occur in polar compounds

Question 28

Which statement is true for radioisotopes?

A) radioisotopes have unstable nuclei that emit subatomic particles and radiation
B) all radioisotopes have gained electrons
C) radioisotopes are useful to guard against radioactive elements
D) radioisotopes contain particles too large to form true solutions

Question 29

Water plays an important role in the chemical reactions in cells,including

A) denaturing proteins
B) stabilizing the primary structure of a protein
C) forming covalent bonds with proteins
D) breaking down large proteins into amino acids in hydrolysis reactions

Question 30

When glucose is dissolved in water,the water is the ________ and the glucose is the ________.

A) solvent, solute
B) solvent, solution
C) solute, solvent
D) solute, solution

Question 31

Fatty acids that are _________ have ___________ .

A) saturated ; lost their secondary structure
B) unsaturated, a double bond between two carbons that have lost hydrogen atoms
C) saturated, one or more double bonds
D) denatured, all the hydrogen they can.

Question 32

Disaccharides,such as sucrose and lactose,are formed from

A) two monosaccharides connected by a glycoside bond
B) chains of two amino acids
C) a long chain of carbon atoms and a carboxyl group at one end of the chain
D) three fatty acids combined with glycerol

Question 33

Ketones,alcohol,aldehyde and organic acid are four of the organic compounds found in all living cells. What do these four classes of organic compounds share?

A) They contain the same atoms but differ in structure
B) They are chains of carbon atoms with functional groups that contain oxygen.
C) They are all fully oxidized.
D) They can only be synthesized inside a cell.

Question 34

What is true about atomic weights?

A) it is the sum of the number of electrons and protons in an atom.
B) the higher the atomic weight the more likely an atom will form a chemical bond
C) it is always a whole number
D) atoms of a particular element that have different atomic weights are called isotopes

Question 35

Which is a false statement about chemical reactions

A) catabolic reactions are exergonic and release energy
B) polymerization and the building up of large molecules is a catabolic reaction
C) anabolic reactions require energy
D) energy is stored in the form of chemical bonds

Question 36

Which statement about acids and bases is false?

A) A hydrogen ion (H+) is a proton.
B) Acids are proton acceptors.
C) Bases are hydroxyl ion donors
D) A hydroxyl ion donor is also a proton acceptor

Question 37

The food we eat consists of molecules with lots of energy stored in their chemical bonds. What is true about how microorganisms use nutrients?

A) when microorganisms break the chemical bonds in nutrients they release energy
B) it takes microorganisms more energy to break the bonds in nutrients than are released
C) all energy that microorganisms receive from nutrients come from anabolism
D) microorganisms break down hydrogen bonds to release electrons as energy

Question 38

Which of the following statements about solutions is false?

A) solute is the substance dissolved in a solvent
B) left alone on a counter a solution will separate out
C) solutes can consist of atoms, ions or molecules
D) in cells water is typically a solvent

Question 39

Polysaccharides

A) include ribose, fuctose and glucose
B) include cholesterol and vitamin D
C) are monosaccharides joined by glycoside bonds
D) are found only in eukaryotic cells

Question 40

Glucose

A) is abundant in milk and fruit
B) is a rare monosaccharide
C) can be oxidized to form deoxy sugar or alcohol
D) none of the above

Question 41

Phospholipids

A) have a charged phosphate group that can mix with water and an insoluble fatty acid
B) can serve as hormones
C) always remain liquid at room temperature
D) form straight chains in water

Question 42

Chemical reactions that require energy are best termed

A) catabolic
B) anabolic
C) exergonic
D) endergonic

Question 43

In DNA,the nucleotide cytosine always base pairs to

A) adenine
B) guanine
C) thymine
D) uracil

Question 44

When pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms,the result is a _______ bond.

A) ionic
B) covalent
C) hydrogen
D) carbonic

Question 45

Hydrogen bonds are generally

A) stronger than covalent bonds
B) stronger than ionic bonds but weaker than covalent bonds
C) present in large numbers
D) found in non-polar compounds

Question 46

Describe the chemical composition,type/structure and function for all of the following complex organic molecules: carbohydrates,lipids,proteins,DNA and RNA

Question 47

Energy is an important chemical currency. How does energy affect electrons in the atom? What is the role of energy in a chemical bond? Name two complex organic molecules that are used by cells for energy. How does the cell release this energy?

Question 48

Which of the following pH's would indicate the weakest acid

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 49

Carbohydrates do not include which of the following

A) glucose
B) starch
C) cellulose
D) sterols

Question 50

Describe the formation and importance of a hydrogen bond. Why is water the universal dissolving medium (ie solvent)of life? Name two roles water plays in cells.

Question 51

The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein is known as the protein's

A) primary structure
B) secondary structure
C) tertiary structure
D) quaternary structure

Question 52

Chemical bonds form between atoms through the interaction of

A) protons
B) neutrons
C) electrons
D) isotopes

Question 53

Anabolic reactions tend to

A) use energy and degrade food
B) produce energy, and degrade food
C) produce energy and new chemical bonds
D) use energy and produce new chemical bonds

Question 54

Amino acids in a protein are joined together by

A) peptide bonds
B) hydrogen bonds
C) phosphodiester bonds
D) tertiary bonds

Question 55

Reactions in which food is degraded and energy is released are best termed

A) anabolic
B) catabolic
C) metabolic
D) exerbolic

Question 56

Atoms are most likely to form ions when they

A) have an even number of electrons in their outer shells
B) have a nearly empty outer shell
C) have an odd number of electrons in their outer shells
D) have four electrons in their outer shells

Question 57

Chemical bonds found in living organisms do not normally include

A) ionic bonds
B) hydrogen bonds
C) covalent bonds
D) magnetic bonds

Question 58

Organic molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures are

A) elements
B) isotopes
C) isomers
D) anions