Deck 13: Migration

Question 1

People who participate in programs that offer a temporary right to work but have limited long-term rights and privileges are called:

A) guest workers.
B) professional immigrants.
C) pro bono workers.
D) labor union workers.

Answer 1

guest workers.

Question 2

How do anthropologists define refugees?

A) people granted the right to work as migrants for a limited time due to economic hardship
B) people who move in search of low-skill and low-wage jobs that native-born workers will not fill
C) professional individuals forced to migrate due to changing needs in their home country
D) people who have been forced to move beyond their national borders due to natural disasters, political or religious persecution, or violence

Answer 2

people who have been forced to move beyond their national borders due to natural disasters, political or religious persecution, or violence

Question 3

Although globalization has produced increased flows of money, information, and goods, barriers to the flow of people are difficult to overcome. What is one of the principal barriers that migrants must overcome?

A) a high degree of regulation and immigration inspectors at borders
B) bribes for border patrol agents needed to allow passage
C) hometown associations attempting to block migrants from relocating to their communities
D) governments placing high excise taxes on migrants over the age of fifty-five

Answer 3

a high degree of regulation and immigration inspectors at borders

Question 4

Gobind does not like his job in New Delhi. Instead of seeking a new job in India, he applies to a masters program in the United States, where there are more jobs in his field. After graduating, he is hired by a company in New York City. Educational and employment opportunities can be characterized as:

A) factors that pushed Gobind to leave India.
B) factors that pulled Gobind to the United States.
C) bridges that allow immigrants like Gobind to work in the United States for a short time.
D) barriers that prevent immigrants like Gobind from entering the United States.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about human migration is true?

A) The United Nations estimates that three in four people migrate to a new country each year.
B) Saudi Arabia sends more than two million people abroad to work each year.
C) Only 3 percent of the world's population moves beyond national borders.
D) The last thirty years has had one of the lowest rates of migration in human history.

Question 6

What is one of the prices that guest workers usually must pay in order to find work in other countries?

A) their children being subject to trafficking
B) having their passports held during their employment
C) bribes to officials in order to move across the border
D) denial of long-term rights and privileges

Question 7

Which generation of young Dominicans studied by Ana Aparicio in New York have been able to negotiate their identity situationally, often shifting between categories of black, Latino, Dominican, and people of color?

A) second
B) first
C) "1.5"
D) "lost"

Question 8

Which of the following best describes entrepreneurial immigrants?

A) immigrants who move to start businesses and conduct trade
B) immigrants who move to take low-skill and low-wage jobs that others will not fill
C) immigrants who fill labor shortages for middle-class and skilled occupations
D) immigrants granted the right to work for a limited time but without long-term rights and privileges

Question 9

What is one of the primary motivations for labor immigrants?

A) better living conditions despite lower wages for the same job
B) better wages than they find in other countries
C) better educational opportunities
D) improvements in basic human rights

Question 10

According to the author, new immigrants in greater Los Angeles are primarily employed as factory workers and as ________.

A) nannies and housekeepers
B) farmhands on industrial farms
C) workers in California's technology industries
D) managerial assistants in urban areas

Question 11

Nawal studied medicine at her university in Egypt. Although she can work as a doctor in Egypt, she is enticed by the high wages and opportunities offered in other countries. What term refers to the phenomenon of many skilled professionals like Nawal leaving their country of origin?

A) prestige economies
B) entrepreneurial immigration
C) brain drain
D) head hunting

Question 12

Many inhabitants from a small city in Brazil have migrated to New York. Young students in the city learn English and most of them plan to move to New York City one day. What term might anthropologists use to describe how several factors have created a culture in which migration has become a way of life?

A) hometown association
B) brain drain
C) bridges and barriers
D) cumulative causation

Question 13

Despite the possibility of losing economic and professional status following migration, what is one of the major advantages that, according to the author, professional Indian migrants have in the United States?

A) excellent credentials
B) high ambitions
C) strong connections to banking institutions in the United States
D) strong social networks

Question 14

People migrate for many different reasons, including to take advantage of emerging economic opportunities. What term do anthropologists use to describe this kind of positive reason to migrate?

A) assimilation
B) push
C) displacement
D) pull

Question 15

What is the term used to describe people who have been forced to migrate because of violence, religious persecution, or disasters but stay within their own countries?

A) labor migrants
B) internally displaced persons
C) transnational refugees
D) guest workers

Question 16

Although they are typically highly trained individuals, ________ migrants often face downward mobility in destination countries because they cannot obtain the credentials necessary to work.

A) guest worker
B) labor
C) internally displaced
D) professional

Question 17

What do we call the economic resources that are transferred from migrants to family members or institutions in their country of origin?

A) smuggling
B) remittances
C) transactions
D) economic diversification

Question 18

Migrants often send economic resources back to their countries of origin. What important role do these resources play?

A) supporting families and stimulating economic growth in local (origin) communities
B) financing health insurance for nonmigrants
C) specifying who and who cannot migrate
D) contributing to the tax base of destination countries

Question 19

Which of the following best describes how anthropologists conceptualize migration as a "gendered" process?

A) Low-wage informal labor by Latina women has virtually no effect on their families in Mexico.
B) Migration by women has forced family members to adjust to shifting gender roles and family patterns.
C) Men continue to make up the majority of immigrants in all receiving countries except Canada.
D) Women migrants are generally unable to enhance their economic and social status.

Question 20

According to the author, what do Indian immigrants in Dubai often experience?

A) complete acceptance by the local population in Dubai
B) human rights violations
C) an easy path to full citizenship
D) access to extensive guest worker programs

Question 21

What are some of the forms of social capital that migrants may acquire?

A) social prestige among their homeland population for having escaped the burdens of their country
B) a very specific kind of social standing that comes from successfully leaving their home country and returning home after living away
C) assets and skills such as language, education, or social networks that complement financial resources
D) an ability to actively participate in political, religious, social, and economic spheres across national borders

Question 22

What would a transnationalist immigrant do once established in their new country?

A) continue to travel back and forth between destination and origin countries to visit family and friends
B) live in their destination country but still travel back to their origin country for work
C) develop skills such as language, education, or social networks to augment financial resources
D) actively participate in political, religious, social, and economic spheres between their country of origin and the country they migrated to

Question 23

What is one of the key characteristics of professional immigrants?

A) immigrants who move to a new country to attend college, start businesses, and conduct trade
B) university students who migrate from their home country in search of low-skill and low-wage jobs that native-born workers will not fill
C) university students who are trained in Western professions but do not have employment opportunities in their home country
D) immigrants who are invited to join existing professional organizations in another country

Question 24

Among the Togotala population, the success and strength of remittances is visible in the cinderblock construction in the central district. What is the primary source of these remittances?

A) Malians who have managed to migrate to the United States
B) Malians who have been forced to flee their own homes due to war
C) the influx of refugees from neighboring countries such as Congo and Senegal
D) merchants entering the regional trade networks

Question 25

What does the author suggest with regard to the case of Muslim taxi drivers in Minnesota?

A) Religious beliefs about alcohol use affected local transportation services.
B) The refusal to wear appropriate attire led to disciplinary action.
C) The Metropolitan Airports Commission refused to seek input from local Somalis.
D) Disciplinary action for refusing to take a fare proved to be an effective strategy.

Question 26

What is the difference between transnational and yo-yo migrants?

A) Yo-yo migrants travel back and forth between destination and origin countries, whereas transnational migrants simply participate in social and political activities across those same borders and do not actively relocate.
B) Yo-yo migrants leave the country they migrated to and relocate to their country of origin, whereas transnational migrants move back and forth between the two countries.
C) Yo-yo migrants move between two countries to develop skills such as language, education, or social networks, whereas transnational migrants do the same without actually moving.
D) Yo-yo migrants move constantly within the borders of their home country, whereas transnational migrants actually move from one country to the other.

Question 27

What do we call migrants who stay actively connected with social, economic, political, and religious spheres across national borders?

A) second-generation
B) guest worker
C) transnational
D) internal

Question 28

What is meant by the term return migration?

A) immigrants who continue to travel back and forth between destination and origin countries
B) the process by which immigrants decide to leave the country they migrated to and relocate "home"
C) the accumulation of assets and skills such as language, education, or social networks that immigrants draw on to increase their financial resources
D) the maintenance of active participation in political, religious, social, and economic spheres across national borders

Question 29

What does anthropologist Bruce Whitehouse's research with Malian migrants to Brazzaville in the Republic of Congo suggest?

A) They are mostly Christian.
B) They work mostly in factories.
C) They are treated like outsiders, segregated by religion and language.
D) They rarely return to their home community of Togotala.

Question 30

According to the textbook, what is one of the key reasons that immigration continues to be a controversial issue in the United States?

A) More than 75 percent of migrants settle in towns of less than 100,000 people.
B) Immigrants from the Middle East have become the largest single group of migrants.
C) It is commonly perceived that the diversity of the current generation of migrants raises cultural challenges.
D) Many U.S. cities cannot handle the 400,000 outsiders that arrive annually.

Question 31

What do internal migrants do?

A) travel back and forth between destination and origin countries
B) leave the country they migrated to and relocate "home"
C) move within their own national borders
D) participate in political, religious, social, and economic spheres in other countries besides the one they are living in

Question 32

As a result of efforts to regulate international migration, which of these borders has become one of the most heavily guarded in the world?

A) Honduras-El Salvador
B) U.S.-Mexico
C) Brazil-Venezuela
D) Djibouti-Somalia

Question 33

What happened in the United States in 1965 that shifted patterns of immigration?

A) The United States passed the National Origins Act.
B) The immigration from Eastern Europe and Italy reached its peak.
C) The policy of restricting immigrants with quotas by nationality ended.
D) A fence along the U.S.-Mexico border was completed.

Question 34

The "melting pot" model of immigration over simplified the way that migration actually took place in U.S. history. What was one significant and very real consequence of this early "melting pot" mythology?

A) Irish fleeing the potato famine faced a lack of work when they arrived on U.S. soil.
B) Congress passed the National Origins Act as a response to immigration.
C) Many immigrants came to the United States voluntarily and were conscripted as slaves.
D) Immigration to the United States proved beneficial for indigenous people already living in North America.

Question 35

Which of the following was the only immigrant group to be legally excluded on the basis of national origin in the United States?

A) Chinese
B) Mexicans
C) Palestinians
D) Russians
E) Ethiopians

Question 36

According to the textbook, what has been one important factor driving internal migration in China since the 1980s?

A) the creation of special tourist zones
B) the creation of export processing zones
C) a decline in infrastructure projects
D) new guest worker programs

Question 37

Which of the following statements about the long-term consequences of Japanese migration to Brazil in the twentieth century is accurate?

A) The surplus of workers in Japan increased pressure for migration toward Latin America.
B) The Japanese government embraced returning emigrants warmly by offering them public services.
C) Many have returned to Japan but continue to embrace Brazilian culture.
D) Japanese Brazilians abandoned cultural traditions of Brazil when they returned to Japan.

Question 38

In the early part of the twenty-first century, the number of people arriving in the United States by region included:

A) 50 percent from Asia and 25 percent from Latin America.
B) 25 percent from Latin America and 50 percent from Africa.
C) 25 percent from Asia and 50 percent from Latin America.
D) 45 percent from Latin America and 40 percent from Europe.

Question 39

What term do anthropologists use to refer to the Nikkeijin, or Japanese who continue to travel back and forth between Japan and Brazil?

A) assimilated migrants
B) yo-yo migrants
C) see-saw migrants
D) internally displaced

Question 40

What recent trend has been observed as a result of wages creeping upward for Chinese workers?

A) an influx of Egyptian workers
B) decreasing income disparities between rural and urban workers
C) a decline in foreign investment in China
D) factories are now shifting to Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos since they have cheaper labor

Question 41

The generation of migrants who left their home countries as adults are known among scholars as which generation?

A) first
B) second
C) "lost"
D) "1.5"

Question 42

Very different forces lead to a decision to migrate. Job opportunities, educational opportunities, and access to health care as well as poverty, famine, war, disease, and religious oppression are all factors in two very different kinds of force. What are the two terms used by anthropologists to describe these two forces that lead to migration?

A) push; pull
B) compel; drive
C) bridge; barrier
D) dissuade; persuade

Question 43

Discuss what you deem to be the most important contemporary issues with regard to inclusion and social integration of immigrants in the United States. How much multiculturalism is appropriate? Construct an argument that explains what the balance should be between how much immigrants adapt to the dominant culture and how much American communities accommodate newcomers. Illustrate your argument by discussing particular immigrant groups and recent immigration controversies.

Question 44

What is one of the things that entrepreneurial immigrants often rely on to secure sufficient financial resources?

A) revolving loan funds
B) black market loans
C) government grants
D) charitable donations

Question 45

Global migrations often involve difficult and dangerous journeys. The possibilities for migrating and ways people move are profoundly shaped by the "bridges and barriers" individuals may face. Drawing primarily on the case study of Chen Dawei, the immigrant from Fuzhou, China, discuss some of the bridges and barriers that can shape how and where people migrate. Compare Chen Dawei's story to that of another migrant who may not have the same bridges and may face more barriers. What are the economic, social, and political factors that may come into play in both home and receiving communities? Once Dawei was in New York, discuss how the decision to migrate still likely shaped his everyday life.

Question 46

The largest group of foreign-born people living in the United States in 2013 was from where?

A) South Korea
B) China
C) India
D) Mexico

Question 47

Drawing on Bruce Whitehouse's ethnography of Malian migrants, explain why the textbook describes the experience of people from Togotala as one of "reshaping globalization from the ground up." How have remittances sent back to Togotala by migrants helped local residents? Discuss how the mostly Muslim migrants to the city of Brazzaville in the Republic of Congo have been able to establish themselves as merchants. How have these Malian migrants been treated in Brazzaville?

Question 48

What are the effects of migrations on populations left behind? How has transnational migration reshaped the relationship that migrating individuals have with their sending communities? Explain how information technology and the ability to travel internationally have reshaped how people interact with family members in households with migrants, using evidence from the textbook.

Question 49

A distinguishing feature of contemporary globalization is the high rate of global migration, both between and within nations. Scholars have analyzed how this unprecedented movement is closely linked to uneven development in the global economy. Discuss how uneven development and development policies may influence individual decisions to migrate. Draw on examples from the chapter or your own experience to discuss the diverse range of motivations, destinations, and contexts that shape internal and external migration. How can we understand global migrations in terms of "pushes" and "pulls"?

Question 50

Explain how patterns of migration in recent decades differ from those of past periods. Discuss two examples of immigrant populations, such as people from Spanish-speaking countries or the Middle East. Compare and contrast their motivations for relocating, their strategies for adapting, how they have been received, and the geographic locations to which they have been attracted.

Question 51

As increasing numbers of women migrate, how does the immigration experience reshape gender roles and gender relations? Drawing from evidence discussed in the textbook, analyze how migration enhances women's social or economic status as well as the personal and familial costs. How are husbands, children, and other kin affected by migration by women, and how do men experience shifts in gender roles?

Question 52

What is one reason that refugees are forced to leave their communities?

A) high taxes
B) lack of economic opportunities
C) ethnic conflict
D) lack of marriage opportunities

Question 53

Where, on average, do the educational level and skills of most people who migrate illegally tend to lie?

A) lower than the global average
B) higher than their home country's national average
C) lower than their home country's national average
D) about at their home country's national average

Question 54

Significant numbers of female migrants, both documented and undocumented, work as domestic workers in the United States. Discuss the vulnerabilities they face in the workplace and how they are integral to economies at home and abroad, such as the role played by remittances. Explain how women who work in domestic labor subsidize middle- and upper-class lifestyles in the United States.

Question 55

Which of the following includes hometown associations, religious communities, and refugee placement groups that help to resettle newcomers in their destination communities?

A) government immigration policies
B) supportive organizations
C) recruitment agencies
D) border patrols

Question 56

Discuss how migration is often not an individual choice but rather one that occurs at the household level. How and why do households and families contribute to individual migrations? How do economic processes surrounding remittances influence the migration patterns and possibilities for migrant families?

Question 57

Which country's population, in the early twentieth century, saw hundreds of thousands of their people migrate to Brazil, Peru, and Argentina to seek new economic opportunities?

A) Indonesia
B) Tonga
C) China
D) Japan

Question 58

A ban on which religious practice was enacted in a Florida town after local residents and officials learned of the Cuban and Haitian immigrants in the Santeria Church?

A) cockfighting
B) wearing head scarves
C) homosexuality
D) animal sacrifices

Question 59

Drawing on the discussion in the text about Neha Vora's work among Indian immigrants in Dubai, discuss the ways and extent to which this group of immigrants are treated in their new home. Discuss how these merchants are an example of transnational entrepreneurial migrants. How do these migrants succeed or fail to establish their own culture in Dubai, and what are the results? What is the importance of social networks in their experience?

Question 60

With which of the following groups do we often associate the idea of remittances?

A) only labor immigrants
B) only professional immigrants
C) only entrepreneurial immigrants
D) all types of immigrants

Question 61

A significant amount of attention has been given to people in Sudan who have been displaced as a result of ethnic and religious conflict. Do you think that there should be international oversight for people who have been internally displaced? Discuss whether conflicts that take place within national borders but are caused in part by larger global forces should involve international interventions. How does the conflict in Mexico as a result of drug cartel warfare differ from a crisis like the one in Darfur, Sudan?

Question 62

Internal migration is often the result of forces beyond our control. Discuss why a two-hour commute, say, from your home in the suburbs to your job in a neighboring state, might be considered a form of internal migration? Why might it not be considered that?