Deck 5: Society,Social Structure,and Interaction

Question 1

__________ theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies,where a few people control the labor of many,the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination among categories of people (for example,owner-worker and employer-employee).

A) Premodern
B) Symbolic interactionist
C) Functionalist
D) Conflict

Answer 1

D

Question 2

__________ is the complex framework of societal institutions (such as the economy,politics,and religion) and the social practices (such as rules and social roles) that make up a society and that organize and establish limits on people's behavior.

A) Social interaction
B) Structurally patterned behavior
C) Social structure
D) Group interaction

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Anna is a female born to Mexican American parents; she was assigned these positions at birth.She is an adult and,if she lives long enough,will someday become an "older adult," which is a(n) __________ status received involuntarily later in life.

A) societal
B) ascribed
C) socioeconomic
D) achieved

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In a capitalistic society,social structure helps create a system of domination and subordination that affects certain categories of people,including owners and workers,landlords and tenants,and rich celebrities and poor "nobodies." This view would be representative of which perspective?

A) functionalist
B) conflict
C) symbolic interactionist
D) postmodern

Question 5

__________ theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society.Social structure is also important for our human development.

A) Functionalist
B) Conflict
C) Symbolic interactionist
D) Premodern

Question 6

Social structure is essential for the survival for society and for the well-being of individuals because it provides a social web of familial support and social relationships that connects each of us to the larger society.What group has lost this vital link?

A) homeless
B) divorced females
C) families without children
D) single African American males

Question 7

__________ statuses (such as occupation,education,and income) are thought to be gained as a result of personal ability or successful competition.Most occupational positions in modern societies are these types of statuses.

A) Socioeconomic
B) Ascribed
C) Valued
D) Achieved

Question 8

Sociologist Robert Park coined the term __________ to refer to persons (such as immigrants) who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups.It is the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure.

A) alienation
B) stigmatization
C) social marginality
D) anomie

Question 9

__________ is/are the process(es) by which people act toward or respond to other people,and also is/are the foundation(s) for all relationships and groups in society.

A) Response patterns
B) Social interaction
C) Psychological behavior
D) Structurally patterned behavior

Question 10

Statuses are distinguished by the manner in which we acquire them.A(n) __________ status is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life,based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control,such as race/ethnicity,age,and gender.

A) achieved
B) socioeconomic
C) ascribed
D) occupational

Question 11

A convicted criminal,wearing a prison uniform,is an example of a person who has been __________; the uniform says that the person has done something wrong and should not be allowed unsupervised outside the prison walls.

A) alienated
B) marginalized
C) dislabeled
D) stigmatized

Question 12

A(n) __________ is any physical or social attribute or sign that so devalues a person's social identity that it disqualifies that person from full social acceptance.

A) deviant quality
B) stigma
C) anomic identity
D) label

Question 13

A(n) __________ status is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice,merit,or direct effort.

A) achieved
B) socioeconomic
C) ascribed
D) valued

Question 14

Social structure provides us with the ability to develop a self-concept as we learn attitudes,values,and behaviors of the people around us.When these attitudes and values are part of a predictable structure,it is easier for us to develop a positive self-concept.This exemplifies which theoretical perspective?

A) functionalist
B) conflict
C) symbolic interactionist
D) postmodern

Question 15

Historically,the most common master statuses for women have been related to positions in:

A) the economic sector
B) the family
C) the world of politics
D) philosophy

Question 16

At the __________,the social structure of a society has several essential elements: social institutions,groups,statuses,roles,and norms.

A) mesolevel
B) macrolevel
C) ecolevel
D) microlevel

Question 17

Joe is a student,a father,a son,a husband,a Baptist,and a Scout leader.All of these socially defined positions constitute a:

A) status set
B) role identity
C) socioeconomic position
D) role diagram

Question 18

To determine who you are,you must think about your social identity,which is derived from the statuses you occupy.A(n) __________ is comprised of all the statuses that a person occupies at a given time.

A) status set
B) identity
C) role diagram
D) occupational grouping

Question 19

According to sociologist Everett Hughes,a(n) __________ status is the most important status a person occupies; it dominates all of the individual's other statuses and is the overriding ingredient in determining a person's general social position.

A) occupational
B) master
C) achieved
D) ascribed

Question 20

A __________ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations,rights,and duties; it exists independently of the specific people occupying them.

A) role
B) label
C) status
D) class

Question 21

__________ occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies.

A) Status inconsistency
B) Role strain
C) Status frustration
D) Role conflict

Question 22

Family,close friends,and school- or work-related peer groups would all be examples of:

A) acting groups
B) primary groups
C) formal groups
D) secondary groups

Question 23

When people are proud of a particular social status that they occupy,they often choose to use visible means to let others know about their position.__________ are material signs that inform others of a person's specific status.

A) Occupational indicators
B) Consumables
C) Status symbols
D) Conspicuous possessions

Question 24

According to sociologist Helen Ebaugh,in the __________ stage of role exit,people realize that they must take some final action (such as quitting their job or getting a divorce).

A) doubt
B) turning point
C) search for alternatives
D) creation of a new identity

Question 25

Groups are an important component of social structure.A(n) __________ group consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence.

A) social
B) acting
C) primary
D) secondary

Question 26

Role __________ occurs when people consciously foster the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role and merely go through the motions of role performance.

A) distancing
B) conflict
C) ambiguity
D) strain

Question 27

A(n) __________ is a larger,more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal,goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

A) informal group
B) primary group
C) secondary group
D) acting group

Question 28

A(n) __________ group is a small,less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face,emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.

A) formal
B) primary
C) acting
D) secondary

Question 29

A __________ is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status.For example,a carpenter (employee) hired to remodel a kitchen is not expected to sit down uninvited and join the family (employer) for dinner.

A) position
B) character
C) value
D) role

Question 30

__________ occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity.

A) Status rejection
B) Role ambiguity
C) Role exit
D) Role rejection

Question 31

__________ is a group's or society's definition of the way a specific role ought to be played.

A) Status expectation
B) Collective judgment
C) Role expectation
D) Role performance

Question 32

__________ occurs when incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time.

A) Role performance
B) Role conflict
C) Role ambiguity
D) Role alienation

Question 33

When __________ occurs,we may feel pulled in different directions.We may prioritize our roles and first complete the one we consider to be most important,or we may compartmentalize our lives and "insulate" our various roles.

A) role ambiguity
B) status frustration
C) role performance
D) role conflict

Question 34

According to the text's discussion of roles:

A) role performance does not always match role expectation
B) role expectations vary little in terms of specificity
C) role expectations typically are based on strictly defined standards
D) role expectations are not defined in the context of roles performed by others

Question 35

For homeless women and men,___________ are not status symbols
As much as they are a link with the past,a hope for the future,and a
Potential source of immediate cash.

A) occupational indicators
B) possessions
C) role performances
D) behavior expectations

Question 36

A physician that wants to provide their patients with the best possible health care but is required by insurance companies or governmental regulations to keep costs down will experience:

A) role strain
B) role conflict
C) status inconsistency
D) status frustration

Question 37

Sociologist Helen Ebaugh studied the process of role exit by interviewing ex-convicts,ex-nuns,retirees,divorced men and women,and others who had exited voluntarily from significant social roles.Ebaugh concluded that role exit occurs in four stages.__________ is the second stage.

A) A search for alternatives
B) The creation of a new identity
C) The turning point
D) Doubt

Question 38

While Eric is working in the fast-food restaurant,he does not want people to think of him as a "loser in a dead-end job." He wants them to view him as a college student who is working there just to "pick up a few bucks" until he graduates.When customers from the college come in,Eric talks to them about college-related topics rather than fast-food.In this scenario,Eric is engaging in:

A) role ambiguity
B) role inconsistency
C) role distancing
D) role exiting

Question 39

According to the text,__________ occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear.For example,it is not always clear when the provider-dependent aspect of the parent-child relationship ends.

A) role expectation
B) role performance
C) role ambiguity
D) role alienation

Question 40

Wearing a wedding ring,owning a Rolls-Royce,or a homeless person carrying a bulging shopping bag are all examples of:

A) status symbols
B) conspicuous consumption
C) consumables
D) cultural capital

Question 41

In __________ societies,social inequality is the highest of all preindustrial societies in terms of both class and gender.The two major classes are the landlords and the peasants.The landlords own the fields and the harvests are produced by the peasants.

A) hunting and gathering
B) agrarian
C) horticultural and pastoral
D) industrial

Question 42

The National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty is an example
Of a(n):

A) "old boy" social network
B) clique
C) formal organization
D) cohesive structure

Question 43

In __________ societies,the basic social unit is the kinship group or family.People do not have private households or residences.Instead,they live in small groups of about twenty-five to forty people.

A) hunting and gathering
B) industrial
C) agrarian
D) horticultural and pastoral

Question 44

A __________ is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.

A) group
B) social organization
C) social institution
D) working group

Question 45

The __________ theorists do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society and are more likely to focus on inequalities that exist in society.

A) conflict
B) symbolic interactionist
C) functionalist
D) premodern

Question 46

__________ are based on technology that mechanizes production.New technologies,such as the invention of the steam engine and fuel-powered machinery,stimulated many changes.

A) Agrarian societies
B) Industrial societies
C) Horticultural and pastoral societies
D) Hunting and gathering societies

Question 47

__________ are relatively egalitarian.Since it is impossible to accumulate a surplus of food,there are few resources upon which individuals or groups can build a power base.

A) Horticultural and pastoral societies
B) Hunting and gathering societies
C) Industrial societies
D) Agrarian societies

Question 48

Examples of ___________ groups would include schools,churches,and corporations.

A) informal
B) acting
C) primary
D) secondary

Question 49

__________ theorists emphasize that social institutions exist because they perform five essential tasks: replacing members; teaching new members; producing,distributing,and consuming goods and services; preserving order; and providing and maintaining a sense of purpose.

A) Premodern
B) Conflict
C) Functionalist
D) Symbolic interactionist

Question 50

The shaman,or religious leader,was common in which of the following types of societies?

A) hunting and gathering
B) industrial
C) agrarian
D) horticultural and pastoral

Question 51

A local school is destroyed by a tornado and community residents come together to build a makeshift school.This example illustrates the concept of:

A) cultural bonding
B) social networking
C) cultural diffusion
D) social solidarity

Question 52

Social scientists have identified five types of societies based on various levels of __________: hunting and gathering,horticultural and pastoral,agrarian,industrial,and postindustrial societies.

A) innovative technology
B) subsistence technology
C) primary technology
D) socioeconomic technology

Question 53

The methods and tools that are available for acquiring the basic needs of daily life are referred to as:

A) political institutions
B) subsistence technology
C) degree of military developments
D) family structures

Question 54

Family,religion,education,the economy,the government (politics),mass media,sports,science and medicine,and the military are all examples of:

A) informal organizations
B) working groups
C) social institutions
D) social associations

Question 55

__________ use the technology of large-scale farming,including animal-drawn or energy-powered plows and equipment,to produce their food supply.

A) Hunting and gathering societies
B) Industrial societies
C) Horticultural and pastoral societies
D) Agrarian societies

Question 56

Division of labor increases in __________.As the food supply grows,not everyone needs to be engaged in food production.Some people can pursue activities such as weaving cloth or carpets,crafting jewelry,or creating the tools needed for building the society's structure.

A) agrarian societies
B) horticultural and pastoral societies
C) hunting and gathering societies
D) industrial societies

Question 57

A __________ is a series of social relationships that links an individual to others.

A) cultural bond
B) cohesive structure
C) social network
D) clique

Question 58

A __________ is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals.

A) secondary organization
B) formal organization
C) primary organization
D) social organization

Question 59

The technology in __________ involves limited tools and weapons that are used for basic subsistence,including spears,bows and arrows,nets,traps for hunting,and digging sticks for plant collecting.All tools and weapons are made of natural materials such as stone,bone,and wood.

A) agrarian societies
B) industrial societies
C) hunting and gathering societies
D) horticultural and pastoral societies

Question 60

__________,or cohesion,relates to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles.It exists when social bonds,attractions,or other forces hold members of a group in interaction over a period of time.

A) Social networking
B) Social solidarity
C) Cultural bonding
D) Cultural diffusion

Question 61

The Gemeinschaft refers to:

A) a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability
B) a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values
C) a traditional society in which social relationships have come to be based on corporate procedures
D) a postindustrial social order in which traditionalism has been restored

Question 62

Based on sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies' perspective,most people in __________ societies are "strangers" who perceive that they have very little in common with most people.Consequently,self-interest dominates and little consensus exists regarding values.

A) Gemeinschaft
B) organic solidarity
C) Gesellschaft
D) mechanical solidarity

Question 63

__________ is the term used to describe people with a commitment to the entire group and who feel a sense of togetherness.

A) Total institution
B) Gesellschaft
C) Organic solidarity
D) Gemeinschaft

Question 64

Sociologist Erving Goffman's term,__________,refers to the ways in which an individual shows awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention.

A) civil inattention
B) selective attention
C) passive rudeness
D) reserved rejection

Question 65

In __________ societies,the division of labor between men and women in the middle and upper classes became more distinct: men were responsible for being "breadwinners"; women were seen as "homemakers."

A) hunting and gathering
B) agrarian
C) industrial
D) horticultural and gathering

Question 66

The fact that people engage in civil inattention demonstrates that interaction does have a pattern,or __________,which regulates the form and processes (but not the content) of social interaction.

A) patterned interaction
B) interaction order
C) socially programmed interaction
D) reasonable interaction expectation

Question 67

The process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience is referred to as the:

A) recertified analysis of reality
B) objectification of social reality
C) subjective assessment of reality
D) social construction of reality

Question 68

The Gesellschaft refers to:

A) a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability
B) a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values
C) a traditional society in which social relationships have come to be based on corporate procedures
D) a postindustrial social order in which traditionalism has been restored

Question 69

According to Durkheim,social interaction in preindustrial societies is characterized by face-to-face,intimate,and primary group relationships.This type of interaction is referred to as:

A) organic solidarity
B) cohesive bonding
C) primitive bonding
D) mechanical solidarity

Question 70

Which of the following sociologists used the terms Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft to characterize the degree of social solidarity and social control found in societies?

A) Emile Durkheim
B) Ferdinand Tönnies
C) Max Weber
D) Talcott Parsons

Question 71

From sociologist Emile Durkheim's perspective,__________ refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies,in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence.

A) organic solidarity
B) mechanical solidarity
C) high-technology bonding
D) industrial cohesion

Question 72

Our perceptions and behavior are influenced by how we initially define situations.In other words,we act on reality as we see it.This concept is referred to as the:

A) recertified analysis of reality
B) objectiveness of social reality
C) subjective assessment of reality
D) social construction of reality

Question 73

Our perceptions about the meaning of a situation vary widely based on the statuses we occupy and our unique personal experiences.In her study of women's reactions to street encounters,sociologist Carol Brooks Gardner determined that women:

A) usually perceive such encounters as "routine" rituals
B) are generally unafraid during such encounters
C) fear for their personal safety and try to avoid comments and propositions that are sexual in nature when they walk down the street
D) view street encounters in the same way that men do

Question 74

Knowledge is viewed as the basic source of innovation and policy formulation in __________.As a result,education becomes one of the most important social institutions.Formal education and other sources of information become crucial to the success of individuals and organizations.

A) horticultural and pastoral societies
B) postindustrial societies
C) industrial societies
D) agrarian societies

Question 75

From sociologist Emile Durkheim's perspective,__________ refers to the social cohesion in preindustrial societies,in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.

A) organic solidarity
B) mechanical solidarity
C) primitive bonding
D) preindustrial bonding

Question 76

__________ are characterized by an information explosion and an economy in which large numbers of people either provide or apply information,or are employed in service jobs (such as fast-food server or health care worker).

A) Industrial societies
B) Agrarian societies
C) Horticultural and pastoral societies
D) Postindustrial societies

Question 77

According to Durkheim,social interaction in industrial societies is less personal,more status-oriented,and more focused on specific goals and objectives.This type of interaction is referred to as:

A) mechanical solidarity
B) status-oriented bonding
C) high-technology bonding
D) organic solidarity

Question 78

Sociologist __________ asserted that preindustrial societies are held together by strong traditions and by the members' shared moral beliefs and values.As societies industrialized and developed more specialized economic activities,social solidarity came to be rooted in the members' shared dependence on one another.

A) Max Weber
B) Ferdinand Tönnies
C) Emile Durkheim
D) Talcott Parsons

Question 79

Social institutions are transformed in __________ societies.The family
Diminishes in significance as the economy,education,and political
Institutions grow in size and complexity.

A) industrial
B) agrarian
C) hunting and gathering
D) horticultural and pastoral

Question 80

In __________ societies,there is a corresponding rise of a consumer society and the emergence of a global village in which people around the world communicate with one another by electronic technologies,such as television,telephone,fax,e-mail,and the Internet.

A) postindustrial
B) horticultural and pastoral
C) industrial
D) agrarian