Deck 2: Methods for Changing Target Behaviors

Question 1

The element of equity involves all of the following EXCEPT an individual feeling:

A)that he/she is equal to others.
B)that he/she is being treated fairly and justly.
C)the same as others.
D)that interactions with others are nonbiased.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

When there is an unexpected occurrence of a target behavior that had been previously extinguished, it is called ________________.

A)spontaneous recovery
B)extinction
C)overcorrection
D)shaping

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Distinguish between DRO, DRI/DRA, and DRL.

Answer 3

Suggested answer points:DRO is used to reinforce for the absence of the target behavior for a specific period of time (e.g., 5 minutes); in fact, you reinforce all other behaviors except the target behavior.DRI/DRA is used to reinforce a specific appropriate replacement behavior for an inappropriate target behavior; the researcher ensures the individual receives reinforcement for the appropriate response and is redirected or otherwise intervened with when the inappropriate response occurs.DRL is typically used to reinforce an appropriate target behavior that occurs too frequently (e.g., getting a drink of water); it may also be used to gradually reduce an inappropriate behavior to either acceptable levels or to a zero rate (e.g., disrupting a group therapy session).

Question 4

Why are generalized reinforcers considered so useful in applied behavior analysis? Cite at least three reasons.

Question 5

The element of certainty in a group involves:

A)how an individual perceives others.
B)a person feeling that he/she is in control of his/her life.
C)confidence in understanding how to behave and interact in situations.
D)knowing when you are correct and incorrect.

Question 6

Arguments against the use of punishment include the rationale:

A)that the individual learns what not to do, rather than what to do.
B)that it may create a model of aggression and physical control to be emulated by the individual.
C)that it may inflict pain or hardship on the individual.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 7

Compare and contrast the different levels of culture discussed by Hammond. Explain how recognition of them in others is important for teachers seeking to modify student behaviors.

Question 8

In this chapter, the term satiation :

A)occurs when repeated exposure to a reinforcing consequence results in loss of the reinforcing quality.
B)is when the access to the stimulus is controlled.
C)is used to teach new behaviors.
D)is when the individual repeatedly performs more adaptive behaviors or performs an exaggerated adaptive response when the target behavior occurs.

Question 9

The element of standing in a group involves how an individual:

A)perceives his/her status.
B)values the input of others.
C)perceives others.
D)relates to others.

Question 10

A reinforcement schedule that requires the individual to emit an average number of correct responses to obtain reinforcement is called a(n)________________.

A)fixed ratio schedule
B)interval schedule
C)response duration schedule
D)variable ratio schedule

Question 11

What type of schedule is used to establish new behaviors and is not resistant to extinction (i.e., a continuance of the behavior is unlikely in the absence of reinforcement)?

A)fixed ratio schedule
B)interval schedule
C)continuous schedule
D)variable ratio schedule

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of the Premack Principle?

A)"You can play outside but afterwards you definitely need to do your homework."
B)"If you don't go to school today, you need to go to school tomorrow."
C)"Practice the piano for 45 minutes and then you can go to the movies."
D)"When you get home, you're in big trouble!"

Question 13

The element of connection involves:

A)having the ability to affect positive outcomes in a situation.
B)fear of being "expelled" from an important group.
C)how an individual values the input of others.
D)how one is related to others in the environment.

Question 14

In art class, Jackie spills paint on the floor and is required to clean up her mess. What type of overcorrection method is this?

A)restitutional overcorrection
B)simple restitution
C)positive practice overcorrection
D)response interruption

Question 15

When walking into a room, Jacob repeatedly slams the door each time. After talking to Jacob about his behavior, Mrs. Fergy requires Jacob to repeatedly practice closing the door quietly each time he slams the door. What type of method did Mrs. Fergy use to decrease Jacob's behavior of slamming the door?

A)response interruption
B)restitutional overcorrection
C)positive practice overcorrection
D)simple restitution

Question 16

What term describes the delivery of a potential reward before a behavior occurs, in the hope that the behavior will be performed?

A)negative reinforcement
B)positive reinforcement
C)bribery
D)positive punishment

Question 17

Negative reinforcement is a commonly misunderstood concept. Explain how negative reinforcement works using the A-B-C paradigm of applied behavior analysis, and how negative reinforcement influences future rate of occurrence of the target behavior.

Question 18

Consider the methods to eliminate behavior discussed in this chapter. Identify one method that you have witnessed implemented successfully by a teacher, and another method you feel was implemented unsuccessfully. Evaluate the teachers' implementation of these strategies and offer constructive feedback.

Question 19

According to Hammond, which of the following is NOT one of the levels of culture that affect how we learn and act?

A)surface culture
B)standard culture
C)shallow culture
D)deep culture

Question 20

After vandalizing the school by writing on the walls, Serena was required to restore not only the areas of walls that she wrote on, but other areas of the wall as well. What type of method was used to decrease Serena's behavior?

A)response interruption
B)restitutional overcorrection
C)positive practice overcorrection
D)simple restitution