Deck 3: Perception and Communication

Question 1

Corey thinks that people who are outgoing are also friendly, confident, and fun. Corey's assumption that outgoing are also friendly, confident, and fun is inference based on his ____ of the qualities that accompany outgoingness.

A) standpoint
B) self-serving bias
C) stereotype
D) implicit personality theory
E) mind reading

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Mike was responsible for taking care of his two younger siblings while Mike was growing up. As an adult, he is more nurturing and more attentive to others' needs than most of his male peers. Mike's greater care-giving inclination is best explained by his:

A) cognitive schemata.
B) standpoint.
C) selective perception.
D) prototypes.
E) abstraction.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Individuals who are more ____ are better able to integrate new information about others and situations.

A) empathic
B) adept at mindreading
C) standpoint sympathetic
D) fundamentally attributing errors
E) cognitively complex

Answer 3

E

Question 4

My boss Susan is a great supervisor because she listens to her employee's concerns and ideas. Susan is an example of a(n):

A) prototype.
B) script.
C) personal construct.
D) stereotype.
E) attribution.

Question 5

All of the following are influences on perception except:

A) physiology
B) age
C) culture
D) cognitive ability
E) cognitive complexity

Question 6

Research has shown that the United States is a highly individualistic culture in which ____ is expected and rewarded.

A) socialization
B) personal initiative
C) contribution
D) collectivism
E) cohesion

Question 7

Which of the following is a script?

A) your expectation of how a friend will behave
B) your idea about how you should interact with a friend
C) the person who exemplifies a friend to you
D) how a friend measures up on the dimension of intelligent-unintelligent
E) the dictionary definition of friend

Question 8

Charles says, "I would never join a fraternity. All fraternities do is party." Charles' statement is an example of a(n):

A) prototype.
B) script.
C) personal construct.
D) stereotype.
E) attribution.

Question 9

Janet says, "I didn't get a job offer because the interviewer was biased and it was a nasty day. However, Ellen didn't get an offer because she isn't qualified." This is an example of:

A) construct differentiation.
B) implicit personality theory.
C) self-serving bias.
D) internal attributions.
E) scripting.

Question 10

Chat rooms can be evaluated based on how interesting or boring the conversations are. This statement best represents

A) prototypes.
B) scripts.
C) personal constructs.
D) stereotypes.
E) attributions.

Question 11

According to the process of human perception, the selection process includes all of the following except:

A) qualities of the phenomena
B) self-indication
C) culture
D) both self-indication and culture
E) rational judgment.

Question 12

All of the following are guidelines for improving perception and communication

A) Recognize that all perceptions are partial and subjective
B) Avoid mind-reading
C) Check perceptions with others
D) Associate the similarities of facts and inferences
E) Guard against self-serving bias

Question 13

Maggie has always dreamed of her perfect romantic soul mate. She believes that her ideal soul mate will be tall, dark, handsome, smart, and rich. Maggie's ideal soul mate is an example of ____.

A) script
B) personal contruct
C) schemata
D) perception
E) prototype

Question 14

Darryl says to his friend, "You must be so happy that you're about to become an uncle!" Darryl's statement is an example of:

A) Empathy
B) Mind reading
C) Sympathy
D) Fundamentally attributing error
E) Cognitive complexity

Question 15

Which of the following is a prototype?

A) your expectation of how a friend will behave
B) your idea about how you should interact with a friend
C) the person who exemplifies a friend to you
D) how a friend measures up on the dimension of intelligent-unintelligent
E) the dictionary definition of friend

Question 16

All of the following are part of the process of human perception EXCEPT:

A) selection.
B) organization
C) interpretation.
D) imagination.
E) attribution.

Question 17

Research demonstrates that attributional patterns are linked to ____ and forgiveness.

A) prototypes
B) scripts
C) personal constructs
D) stereotypes
E) marital quality

Question 18

After performing a comprehensive job search, job seekers put together a resume, write a cover letter, and then go on job interviews. This statement best exemplifies:

A) prototypes.
B) scripts.
C) personal constructs.
D) stereotypes.
E) attributions.

Question 19

This is a predictive generalization applied to a person or situation. Based on the category in which we place someone or something and how that person or thing measures up against the personal constructs we apply, we predict what he, she, or it will do.

A) prototype.
B) script.
C) personal construct.
D) stereotype.
E) attribution.

Question 20

Which of the following is a personal construct?

A) your expectation of how a friend will behave
B) your idea about how you should interact with a friend
C) the person who exemplifies a friend to you
D) how a friend measures up on the dimension of intelligent-unintelligent
E) the dictionary definition of friend

Question 21

Unhappy couples tend to attribute the nice things their partners do to external factors.

Question 22

In 1995, the U.S. Department of Labor surveyed 60,000 household to lean what identity labels different ethnic groups prefer. The survey revealed that members of various racial groups:

A) do not have uniform preferences
B) have uniform preferences
C) like stereotypes
D) had no preference
E) were sensitive to stereotypes

Question 23

According to your book, interracial marriages are increasing in the United States, thus it is expected that there will be more children who have mixed ethnic heritages.

Question 24

Jorge says, "When I do badly on a test or paper, I usually say either the professor was unfair or I had too much to do that week and couldn't study like I wanted to. But when my friends do badly on a test, I tend to think they're not good in that subject or they aren't disciplined or whatever." This is an example of:

A) prototype.
B) script.
C) personal construct.
D) stereotype.
E) self-serving bias.

Question 25

Perceptions are subjective.

Question 26

According to a study conducted by Bachen and Illouz (1996), most Americans' prototype of enduring romance reflects media emphasis on acquisition of material goods to support a leisure lifestyle.

Question 27

Research shows that eyewitness testimony is highly reliable.

Question 28

Charles will always be fat, because he is too lazy to exercise and he doesn't care about what he eats. This is an example of:

A) prototype.
B) script.
C) personal construct.
D) stereotype.
E) attribution.

Question 29

Inferences go beyond facts.

Question 30

The reason why you and another person may disagree about something is more likely that you have attended to different things that are differences in:

A) social
B) personal
C) cultural
D) cognitive
E) all of these

Question 31

In the U.S. the prototype of love focuses on passionate feelings and qualities.

Question 32

Mariah really wanted to get a recording contract, but no one was willing to sign with her because of her age. She thought that her age made it hard for record producers to take her seriously as an artist. This is an example of:

A) prototype.
B) script.
C) personal construct.
D) stereotype.
E) self-serving bias.

Question 33

This assumes that we understand what the person thinks, feels or perceives.

A) mind reading
B) cognitive complexity
C) standpoint theory
D) fundamental attribution error
E) implicit error

Question 34

We use stereotypes to make predictions about people and situations.

Question 35

All of the following influence perception EXCEPT:

A) age
B) culture
C) roles
D) cognitive ability
E) bias

Question 36

We tend to overestimate the internal causes of others' undesirable behaviors and underestimate the external causes. Conversely, we are likely to underestimate the internal causes of our own misdeeds and failures and overestimate the external causes

A) prototype.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) personal construct.
D) stereotype.
E) self-serving bias.

Question 37

When you meet a new person, you might classify the person as a possible friend, date, or enemy. You also might focus on physical qualities. This is based on your ____.

A) age
B) culture
C) social role
D) cognitive ability
E) cognitive schemata

Question 38

This is a point of view shaped by political awareness of the social location of a group-the material, social, and symbolic conditions common for members of a social group.

A) age
B) culture
C) roles
D) cognitive ability
E) standpoint

Question 39

We are less likely to forgive a partner if we attribute his or her transgression to personal irresponsibility.

Question 40

Age, physiology, and culture are factors that influence our perceptions.

Question 41

Identify the following:
Standpoint

Question 42

Although passion may come to mind when we think of love, it seems less central to our prototype of love than companionship, caring, and a comfortable lifestyle.

Question 43

Identify the following:
Empathy

Question 44

Prototypes, personal constructs, stereotypes, and scripts are cognitive schemata that we use to organize our perceptions of people and phenomena.

Question 45

A personal construct is a "mental yardstick" we use to measure a person or situation along a bipolar dimension of judgment.

Question 46

Identify the following:
Self-serving bias

Question 47

Identify the following:
Mindreading

Question 48

Assertiveness and competitiveness are encouraged and considered good in the United States.

Question 49

Recent research shows that we can override the draw of noisy or novel stimuli.

Question 50

The first cognitive schema we use to organize perceptions is the script.

Question 51

Identify the following:
Implicit personality theory

Question 52

Identify the following:
Constructivism

Question 53

Identify the following:
Cognitive complexity

Question 54

A stereotype is an unscientific generalization applied to a person or situation.

Question 55

In Korea, age is a very important aspect of identity. The older person is, the more he or she is respected.

Question 56

Identify the following:
Personal constructs

Question 57

Identify the following:
Fundamental attribution error

Question 58

Scripts are useful in guiding us through many of our interactions. However, they are not always accurate or constructive, so we shouldn't accept them uncritically.

Question 59

Identify the following:
Perception

Question 60

Women and men tend to occupy different social locations in some senses, although they clearly share other social locations.

Question 61

Explain four of the seven guidelines for improving the accuracy of perceptions.

Question 62

Your book talks about a dozen states that have passed laws to establish standards for English for international teaching assistants. Don Rubin did a study that looked into this matter. Discuss what he did and what he found.

Question 63

Explain how the self influences our perceptions of others. Describe an example of when the self influenced your perceptions of another and your communication with that person.

Question 64

Use the ladder of abstraction to explain how you perceived and acted in a particular situation. Make sure that you include and label each level of the abstraction ladder in your example.

Question 65

Identify the following:
Prototype

Question 66

Why is eyewitness testimony not always reliable?

Question 67

Identify the following:
Interpretation

Question 68

Identify the following:
Culture

Question 69

Using a specific example of a time when you misperceived a situation, name and explain how at least three of the guidelines would have helped you perceive the situation more accurately.

Question 70

Identify the following:
Stereotype

Question 71

Identify the following:
Attribution

Question 72

Your friend, Mark, has a problem with perception and communication. Based on what you learned in class and from your book on guidelines for improving perception and communication, fully describe three guidelines for improving perception and communication.