Deck 11: Sampling: Design and

Question 1

_ can be useful when no sampling frame is readily available for selecting final sampling units but when the elements of the frame are known to be contained within a broader sampling frame.

A) Stratified sampling
B) Sequential sampling
C) Double sampling
D) Systematic sampling

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Probability sampling techniques are uncommon in international marketing research because of all of the following reasons except .

A) lack of suitable sampling frames
B) lack of trained researchers
C) the dominance of personal interviewing
D) the inaccessibility of certain respondents, such as women in some cultures

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Systematic sampling is similar to simple random sampling. Which of the statements below about systematic sampling does not relate to the systematic sampling and simple random sampling similarity?

A) The random numbers do not have to be matched with individual elements.
B) Each population element has a known and equal probability of selection.
C) If the population elements are arranged in a manner unrelated to the characteristic to interest, systematic sampling will yield results quite similar to simple random sampling.
D) Systematic sampling is a type of probability sampling.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

does not allow direct generalizations to a specific population, usually because the population is not defined explicitly.

A) Simple random sampling
B) Convenience sampling
C) Snowball sampling
D) Judgmental sampling

Question 5

Which statement is not true about judgmental sampling?

A) It may be useful if broad population inferences are not required.
B) It does not allow direct generalizations to a specific population.
C) Each population element has a known and equal probability of selection.
D) An extension of the technique involves the use of quotas.

Question 6

The target population should be defined in terms of all of the following except .

A) extent
B) time
C) size
D) sampling units

Question 7

has been used to determine preferences for two competing alternatives.

A) Double sampling
B) Area sampling
C) Sequential sampling
D) Probability proportionate to size sampling

Question 8

All of the following are examples of nonpanel recruited sampling methods used in Internet research except .

A) a store may hand its customers a flier directing them to a specific- password protected site
B) use of e- mail lists that have been rented from suppliers
C) offline techniques such as short telephone screening interviews to recruit Internet samples
D) All of the above are nonpanel recruited sampling methods.

Question 9

requires a detailed specification of how the sampling design decisions with respect to the population, sampling frame, sampling unit, sampling techniques, and sample size are to be implemented.

A) Determination of the sampling frame
B) Determination of the sample size
C) Execution of the sampling process
D) Selection of a sampling technique(s)

Question 10

is a sampling procedure in which each element of the population has a fixed probabilistic chance of being selected for the sample.

A) Nonprobability sampling
B) Probability sampling
C) Convenience sampling
D) Judgmental sampling

Question 11

Which sampling technique can increase representativeness, is easier to implement than simple random sampling and does not require a sampling frame (Table 11.4 in the text)?

A) cluster sampling
B) stratified sampling
C) systematic sampling
D) area sampling

Question 12

A representation of the elements of the target population consisting of a list or set of directions for identifying the target population is a _.

A) sampling frame
B) sampling unit
C) judgmental sample
D) sample

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true about snowball sampling?

A) In snowball sampling, a decision rule is used to indicate whether sampling should be continued or whether enough information has been obtained.
B) Snowball sampling is used in industrial buyer- seller research to identify buyer- seller pairs.
C) In snowball sampling, an initial group of respondents is selected, usually at random.
D) Both B and C are true.

Question 14

In the sample size is not known in advance, but a decision rule is stated before the sampling begins. At each stage, this rule indicates whether sampling should be continued or whether enough information has been obtained.

A) stratified sampling
B) sequential sampling
C) systematic sampling
D) double sampling

Question 15

The major advantage of is that it substantially increases the likelihood of locating the desired characteristic in the population.

A) quota sampling
B) judgmental sampling
C) snowball sampling
D) convenience sampling

Question 16

Which statement is not true about cluster sampling?

A) Cluster sampling is the most cost- effective probability sampling technique.
B) The two major advantages of cluster sampling are feasibility and low cost.
C) The researcher may have to rely on intuition and logic to determine sample sizes for each cluster.
D) It can be difficult to compute and interpret statistics based on clusters.

Question 17

attempts to obtain a sample of convenient elements. The selection of sampling units is left primarily to the interviewer.

A) Nonprobability sampling
B) Probability sampling
C) Convenience sampling
D) Judgmental sampling

Question 18

In , the target population is first divided into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subpopulations, or clusters.

A) simple random sampling
B) cluster sampling
C) systematic sampling
D) stratified sampling

Question 19

The efficiency of a probability sampling technique may be assessed by comparing it to that of .

A) nonprobability sampling
B) stratified sampling
C) simple random sampling
D) systematic sampling

Question 20

Which of the following is not a form of nonprobability sampling?

A) snowball sampling
B) convenience sampling
C) quota sampling
D) cluster sampling

Question 21

All of the following statements are limitations of simple random sampling except .

A) simple random sampling may or may not result in a representative sample
B) it is often difficult to construct a sampling frame that will permit a simple random sample to be drawn
C) the sample results may be projected to the target population
D) simple random sampling often results in lower precision with larger standard errors than other probability sampling techniques

Question 22

The aggregate of all the elements, sharing some common set of characteristics, that comprises the universe for the purpose of the marketing problem is the .

A) sampling frame
B) element
C) census
D) population

Question 23

The sample size decision should be guided by certain qualitative considerations. Which of the following is not one of those considerations?

A) the average size of samples in similar studies
B) the sampling technique to be used
C) the resource constraints
D) the nature of the results

Question 24

The criteria for the selection of stratification variables consist of all of the following except .

A) cost
B) order
C) relatedness
D) homogeneity

Question 25

If the researcher is concerned about the number of variables, the nature of the analysis, and completion rates, then, he/she is at which stage of the sampling design process (Figure 11.1 in the text)?

A) Execute the sampling process.
B) Select (a) sampling technique(s).
C) Determine the sampling frame.
D) Determine the sample size.

Question 26

A major objective of is to increase precision without increasing cost.

A) cluster sampling
B) sequential sampling
C) stratified sampling
D) quota sampling

Question 27

is a probability sampling technique that uses a two- step process to partition the population into subpopulations, or strata. Elements are selected from each stratum by a random procedure.

A) Cluster sampling
B) Systematic sampling
C) Simple random sampling
D) Stratified sampling

Question 28

Which of the following statements is not true about quota sampling?

A) Under certain conditions, quota sampling obtains results close to those for conventional probability sampling.
B) An important decision involves the use of proportionate or disproportionate sampling.
C) Many sources of selection bias are potentially present.
D) There is no assurance that the sample is representative.

Question 29

is a selection method where the elements are selected sequentially. It explicitly incorporates prior information about population parameters as well as the costs and probabilities associated with making wrong decisions.

A) Simple random sampling
B) Sampling with replacement
C) Sampling without replacement
D) Bayesian approach

Question 30

is a sampling technique in which an element cannot be included in the sample more than once.

A) Sampling with replacement
B) Bayesian approach
C) Simple random sampling
D) Sampling without replacement

Question 31

The basic unit containing the elements of the population to be sampled is the .

A) sample
B) judgmental sample
C) sampling unit
D) sampling frame

Question 32

Which of the following conditions does not favor the use of a sample (Table 11.1 in the text)?

A) The cost of nonsampling errors is high.
B) The cost of sampling errors is high.
C) There are budget and time limit constraints.
D) The population is large.

Question 33

All of the factors listed below favor the use of probability sampling except (Table 11.5 in the text).

A) highly accurate estimates of population characteristics are required
B) the nature of the research is conclusive
C) the population is heterogeneous with respect to variables of interest
D) nonsampling errors are likely to be an important factor

Question 34

The collection of elements or objects that possess the information sought by the researcher and about which inferences are to be made is a(n) .

A) population
B) target population
C) census
D) element

Question 35

Which of the statements below is not true about stratified sampling?

A) Stratified sampling can ensure that all the important subpopulations are represented in the sample.
B) The researcher assumes that the population elements are ordered in some respect.
C) Most approaches to statistical inference assume that the data have been collected by stratified sampling.
D) Both B and C are not true.

Question 36

The object that possesses the information sought by the researcher and about which inferences are to be made is a(n) _.

A) target population
B) population
C) element
D) census

Question 37

is a probability sampling technique in which each element in the population has a known and equal probability of selection. Every element is selected independently of every other element and the sample is drawn by a random procedure from a sampling frame.

A) Stratified sampling
B) Cluster sampling
C) Simple random sampling
D) Systematic sampling

Question 38

A subgroup of the elements of the population selected for participation in the study is a _ _.

A) sampling frame
B) sampling unit
C) sample
D) judgmental sample

Question 39

Consumer research conducted in Mexico and Saudi Arabia used different sampling techniques for the same study. In Mexico, was used by having experts identify neighborhoods where the target respondents lived; homes were then randomly selected for interviews. In Saudi Arabia, employing the snowball procedure was used because there were no lists from which sampling frames could be drawn and social customs prohibited spontaneous personal interviews.

A) quota sampling; judgmental sampling
B) systematic sampling; quota sampling
C) judgmental sampling; convenience sampling
D) systematic sampling; convenience sampling

Question 40

There are several basic questions involved in sampling design. "Should a sample be taken? If so, what process should be followed?" are two such questions. Which of the following questions is also involved in sampling design?

A) How large should the sample be?
B) What kind of sample should be taken?
C) What can be done to control and adjust for nonresponse errors?
D) All of the above are correct.

Question 41

Which sampling technique can help the researcher estimate rare characteristics (Table 11.4 in the text)?

A) snowball sampling
B) quota sampling
C) convenience sampling
D) judgmental sampling

Question 42

The target population for the department store project was defined as "male or female head of household responsible for most of the shopping at department stores in the U.A.E in 2011." "U.A.E." is what part of the target population definition?

A) time
B) elements
C) sampling unit
D) extent

Question 43

Which statement is correct about defining the target population?

A) Imprecise definition of the target population will result in research that is ineffective at best and misleading at worst.
B) The target population should be defined in terms of elements, sampling units, extent, and time.
C) Defining the target population involves translating the problem definition into a precise statement of who should and should not be included in the sample.
D) All of the above statements are true.

Question 44

The choice between nonprobability and probability samples should be based on all of the following considerations except (Table 11.5 in the text).

A) statistical and operational considerations
B) the nature of the research
C) size of the population
D) variability in the population

Question 45

The online recruited Internet sampling technique can be further classified as convenience or judgment.

Question 46

Probability sampling is used to select the initial respondents for snowball sampling.

Question 47

Which situation poses ethical concerns for the researcher in terms of preserving the anonymity of the respondents?

A) when the population size is large
B) sampling details that are too revealing
C) verbatim quotations in reports to the client
D) both B and C

Question 48

Which of the following is not a stage of cluster sampling?

A) two- stage sampling
B) multi- stage sampling
C) one- stage sampling
D) zero- stage sampling

Question 49

Which of the following conditions does not favor the use of a census (Table 11.1 in the text)?

A) The cost of sampling errors is high.
B) The cost of nonsampling errors is low.
C) There is high variance in the characteristic to be measured.
D) The population is large.

Question 50

A complete enumeration of the elements of a population or study objects is a(n) _.

A) element
B) population
C) census
D) target population

Question 51

The method is equivalent to a lottery system in which names are placed in a container, the container is shaken, and the names of the winners are then drawn out in an unbiased manner.

A) simple random sampling
B) systematic sampling
C) nonprobability sampling
D) stratified sampling

Question 52

A major issue related to Internet sampling is representativeness because of lack of computer ownership and Internet access in many households.

Question 53

Confidence intervals, which contain the true population value with a given level of certainty, can be calculated from nonprobability samples.

Question 54

is a probability sampling technique in which the sample is chosen by selecting a random starting point and then picking every ith element in succession from the sampling frame.

A) Cluster sampling
B) Stratified sampling
C) Simple random sampling
D) Systematic sampling

Question 55

Nonprobability samples do not allow for objective evaluation of the precision of the sample results.

Question 56

In simple random sampling, each element in the population has a known and equal probability of selection.

Question 57

Sampling efficiency is a concept that reflects a tradeoff between sampling cost and precision.

Question 58

All of the following statements are true about snowball sampling except .

A) snowball sampling results in relatively low sampling variance and costs
B) the major advantage of snowball sampling is that it substantially increases the likelihood of locating the desired characteristics in the population
C) snowball sampling can result in samples that are very large or spread over large geographic areas, thus increasing the time and cost of data collection
D) a major objective of snowball sampling is to estimate characteristics that are rare in the population

Question 59

is a form of convenience sampling in which the population elements are selected based on the judgment of the researcher.

A) Nonprobability sampling
B) Probability sampling
C) Convenience sampling
D) Judgmental sampling

Question 60

Decisions concerning whether to use a Bayesian or traditional sampling approach, to sample with or without replacement, and to use nonprobability or probability sampling pertain to which step in the sampling design process (Figure 11.1 in the text)?

A) Execute the sampling process.
B) Select (a) sampling technique(s).
C) Determine the sample size.
D) Determine the sampling frame.

Question 61

The researcher has the ethical obligation to protect the identities of the respondents, even if it means limiting the level of sampling detail that is reported to the client and other parties.

Question 62

For simple random sampling, the researcher assumes that the population elements are ordered in some respect.

Question 63

Stratified sampling differs from quota sampling in that the sample elements are selected probabilistically rather than based on convenience or judgment.

Question 64

If the sampling unit is different from the element, it is necessary to specify precisely how the elements within the sampling unit should be selected. Selecting the person within the sampling unit with the next birthday is an appropriate way to precisely specify which element to sample.

Question 65

The elements within a stratum should be as heterogeneous as possible, but the elements in different strata should be as homogeneous as possible.

Question 66

The statistical distinction between sampling with replacement and sampling without replacement is important only when the sampling frame is not large compared to the sample size.

Question 67

The researcher has an ethical responsibility to the client to develop a sampling design that is appropriate for controlling the sampling and nonsampling errors.

Question 68

The second stage in quota sampling is to develop the control categories, or quotas, of population elements.

Question 69

Only the nonprobability sampling techniques can be implemented using both types of Internet panels.

Question 70

Examples of a sampling frame include the telephone book, an association directory, a city directory, or a map.

Question 71

The Bayesian approach to sampling is theoretically appealing; however, it is not widely used in marketing research because much of the required information on costs and probabilities is not available.

Question 72

Sample size is influenced by the average size of samples in similar studies.

Question 73

Convenience sampling is the least expensive and least time consuming of all sampling techniques.

Question 74

If the same sampling procedures are used in each country, the results should be comparable.

Question 75

Quota sampling permits assessment of sampling error.

Question 76

It is ok to treat nonprobability samples as probability samples and to project the results to a target population.

Question 77

A common form of cluster sampling is area sampling, in which the clusters consist of geographic areas such as counties, housing tracts, or blocks.

Question 78

Sampling techniques and procedures vary in accuracy, reliability, and cost from country to country.

Question 79

When conducting stratified sampling only simple random sampling should be employed in selecting the elements from each stratum.

Question 80

To avoid sampling errors, the Internet researcher must be able to control the pool from which respondents are selected.