Deck 8: Cognitive Memory

Question 1

Hermann Ebbinghaus studied forgetting by measuring the amount of time he required to relearn the same list of syllables.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Brain images indicated that the hippocampus was more active during novel, nontransitive judgments.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Which of the following is not an aspect of encoding?

A) levels of processing
B) imagery
C) type of organization
D) retention

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Tolman proposed that developing cognitive maps involves a form of cognition very similar to habit formation.

Question 5

Behavioral memory is measured by examples of _________.

A) explicit statements
B) overall memory
C) motor tasks
D) cognitive tasks

Question 6

Implicit memory is tested through word stems, when subjects are asked to respond with the first word that comes to their mind.

Question 7

Research indicates that mere exposure to material does not necessarily lead to a better memory for it.

Question 8

If you study for a test while drinking coffee, you should take coffee into the test with you, according to state-dependent learning principles.

Question 9

H.M.'s problems are exclusively related to short-term memory loss.

Question 10

"Knowing that" something is true is also called _________ memory.

A) procedural
B) syntax
C) declarative
D) implicit

Question 11

The term declarative memory was borrowed from literature about artificial memory.

Question 12

Simonides used a memory technique called ________ to remember where guests were sitting in a banquet hall just before the roof collapsed on them.

A) elaborative imagery
B) peg word method
C) method of loci
D) chunking

Question 13

Chase and Simon (1973) found that chess experts did not have a better memory for chess piece location on a chess board than novices if ________.

A) the novices had more practice
B) the chess pieces were randomly placed on the board
C) the experts were given a distracter task in between
D) the chess pieces represented real chess moves

Question 14

The hippocampus supports the creation and expression for spatial memory but not for nonspatial memory.

Question 15

Which of the following would lead to a better memory for the word "horse?"

A) If the word was written in all capital letters.
B) If the word rhymed with the word house.
C) If the word fit in the sentence, "He rode his _______ into town."
D) If the word was written in red ink.

Question 16

The man who discovered Velcro developed it after he saw that burrs stick to a dog's fur. This is a specific example of a(n) ___________.

A) creative procedure
B) matching-to-sample problem
C) implicit memory
D) exemplar

Question 17

When material is analyzed from its superficial physical qualities to its deep level of meaning it is called __________.

A) organization depth
B) organizational level
C) level of processing
D) encoding depth

Question 18

If Steve is told before reading a story that he will have a memory test over it this is called ________ learning but if he was given the story to read and then he is tested over it without being told beforehand it is called ________ learning.

A) intentional; directional
B) directional; incidental
C) intentional; incidental
D) incidental; intentional

Question 19

Cramming for a test is more effective than spaced practice over time.

Question 20

When applying to graduate schools you are told that it is harder to get into a clinical psychology program compared to an experimental psychology program and it is harder to get into an experimental psychology program than a social work program. You deduce that it is harder to get into a clinical psychology program compared to a social work program through ____________.

A) transitive inference
B) implicit memory
C) declarative inference
D) procedural memory

Question 21

H.M. had trouble with _________ but his _________ was intact.

A) short-term memory; learning mazes
B) learning mazes; short-term memory
C) language; digit strings
D) digit strings; language

Question 22

According to the research, memory is poorest for ________ tasks.

A) free recall
B) cued recall
C) recognition
D) multiple choice

Question 23

Bransford and Franks (1971) had participants read a series of sentences and then gave them a recognition test for a set of sentences, some of which were already presented and some were not. These researchers were testing for _________.

A) cued recall
B) free recall
C) false memories
D) implicit memories

Question 24

This multiple choice question is an example of ________ memory.

A) recall
B) recognition
C) implicit
D) passive

Question 25

You are trying to remember the name of a movie so you can recommend it to a friend. You just watched this movie so you should remember the name but you are not able to remember it, although you know that it starts with the letter "T." This is called the __________ phenomenon.

A) decay
B) forgetting
C) tip of the tongue
D) tongue tied

Question 26

When divers learned a set of words underwater, memory was best for those words when they were tested _______.

A) underwater
B) on land
C) there were no differences
D) with recognition vs. recall

Question 27

Edward Tolman suggested that rats are able to learn to run mazes because they _________.

A) work well for food reinforcers
B) have hard wired abilities to run mazes
C) form cognitive maps of the maze
D) are superior learners

Question 28

Memory savings can be calculated by subtracting _________ from _______.

A) initial time spent memorizing; number of items remembered
B) number of items remembered; total time spent remembering
C) initial time spent memorizing; relearning
D) relearning time; initial time spent memorizing

Question 29

If we lose the retrieval cues for a memory the result most likely would be ___________.

A) forgetting that memory
B) a distortion of that memory
C) enhanced memory for other items
D) enhanced memory for that item

Question 30

If you learn material in one room you should take the test for that information in the same room. This concept is based on the idea of __________.

A) cued recall
B) context dependent memory
C) free recall
D) explicit memory recall

Question 31

Brain imaging studies indicate that the hippocampus is activated during __________.

A) deep encoding tasks
B) superficially encoded words
C) repetition priming task
D) implicit memory tasks

Question 32

Which of the following is not a good study tip?

A) Do not wait to study the material the night before a test.
B) Use elaboration.
C) Study two related subjects on the same night.
D) Rehearse your information.

Question 33

While taking a psychology test you put down a researcher's name but it was from your biology notes that you had studied before studying for psychology. This is an example of __________ interference.

A) proactive
B) retroactive
C) active
D) passive

Question 34

Denise remembers living in an old Victorian house when she was a young child but her mother insists that they never lived in a Victorian house. Denise may be experiencing a ____________.

A) distracted image
B) distorted memory
C) implicit memory
D) false memory

Question 35

Organization frameworks only worked to improve memory of a passage if they were provided to the reader _______.

A) after encoding a passage
B) in combination with imagery tasks
C) at the time of encoding
D) upon retrieval of a passage

Question 36

The _______ function describes the rate of forgetting.

A) forgetting curve
B) power law
C) lost memory
D) forgetting law

Question 37

While watching a movie you hear a song from the 1980s that you should remember. When you are going through your memory thinking of the singer you are doing what active process?

A) encoding
B) elaboration
C) organization
D) retrieval

Question 38

One of Shereshevskii's main problems with his memory was that _________.

A) it was limited
B) he couldn't remember familiar people
C) he could not remember past events for a long time
D) it was cluttered with details

Question 39

A.R. Luria studied the memory capacities of S., a journalist and a(n) _________.

A) mnemonist
B) alcoholic
C) chess expert
D) professor

Question 40

Ebbinghaus found that _______ percent of his memory was lost over the first several minutes.

A) 10
B) 30
C) 40
D) 60

Question 41

Forgetting seems to be an inevitable part of memory. Discuss the two different types of interference and provide an example for each to support your answer.

Question 42

When tested for transitive inference on a probe task, rats with hippocampal damage ________.

A) took longer to complete the task
B) made more errors
C) showed strong transitivity
D) failed to show any transitivity

Question 43

David Olton's concept of working memory is most like Endel Tulving's _______ memory.

A) semantic
B) procedural
C) episodic
D) declarative

Question 44

Place cells are found in the _________.

A) hypothalamus
B) hippocampus
C) amygdala
D) limbic system

Question 45

Describe the two key study strategies that William James suggested to his students.

Question 46

The premise that the framework of conscious memory was a systematic network of memories was suggested by _________.

A) Edward Tolman
B) David Olton
C) Endel Tulving
D) William James

Question 47

Discuss why cramming is a less effective study technique than if you space your studying over a longer period.

Question 48

Describe Craik and Tulving's (1975) levels of processing experiment and indicate how each level was related to encoding and memory.

Question 49

According to David Olton, reference memory is memory for information that is __________.

A) useful across all experiences
B) specific to a reference point
C) specific to a certain place or event
D) useful for the recognition of faces.

Question 50

How do mnemonists develop their extensive memory skills?