Deck 12: What Drives US-Hunger, Sex, and Friendship

Question 1

The term homeostasis literally means

A) "common to all."
B) "unique to humans."
C) "staying the same."
D) "motivational dynamics."

Answer 1

"staying the same."

Question 2

A lack of sufficient oxygen intake is an example of a(n)

A) drive.
B) instinct.
C) need.
D) incentive.

Answer 2

need.

Question 3

"People have a sociability motive because interacting with others affords more opportunities to find a potential mate." This statement best illustrates ________ theories of motivation.

A) drive
B) incentive
C) instinct
D) arousal

Answer 3

instinct

Question 4

Internal push is to external pull as ________ is to ________.

A) incentive;need
B) instinct;need
C) need;drive
D) need;incentive

Question 5

The body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state is known as

A) an incentive.
B) an instinct.
C) homeostasis.
D) arousal.

Question 6

A drive refers to

A) a rigidly patterned and unlearned behavior characteristic of a species.
B) anything that is perceived as having positive or negative value in motivating behavior.
C) an aroused,motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need.
D) a positive or negative environmental stimulus.

Question 7

Which of the following is most clearly NOT an example of an incentive?

A) social disapproval
B) a pornographic movie
C) a low blood glucose level
D) the smell of rotten eggs

Question 8

The influence of personal and cultural experience on our wants and desires can most clearly be seen in the influence of ________ on motivation.

A) instincts
B) homeostasis
C) incentives
D) self-esteem needs

Question 9

A thick,juicy hamburger is to hunger as ________ is to ________.

A) need;drive
B) incentive;drive
C) homeostasis;thirst
D) incentive;instinct

Question 10

Lack of body fluids is to thirst as ________ is to ________.

A) motivation;emotion
B) need;drive
C) homeostasis;hunger
D) incentive;instinct

Question 11

Contemporary psychologists are most likely to consider ________ to be a human instinct.

A) infant sucking
B) athletic skill
C) religious ritual
D) learned behaviors

Question 12

________ is the need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

A) Motivation
B) Emotion
C) Cognition
D) Instinct

Question 13

An instinctive behavior is one that

A) is common to an entire species.
B) is unlearned.
C) is rigidly patterned.
D) has all of these characteristics.

Question 14

Dr.Ligorano has devoted his professional life to researching the desires and needs that energize and direct behavior.His area of research has obviously been

A) emotion.
B) cognition.
C) motivation.
D) behavior genetics.

Question 15

It is characteristic of robins to build nests.This is an example of

A) an incentive.
B) homeostasis.
C) a drive.
D) an instinct.

Question 16

An incentive is a

A) rigidly patterned behavior characteristic of an entire species.
B) state of deprivation that triggers arousal.
C) positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
D) state of arousal triggered by deprivation.

Question 17

Which of the following refers to a physiological state that usually triggers a state of motivational arousal?

A) need
B) homeostasis
C) drive
D) incentive

Question 18

Like evolutionary psychology,instinct theory most clearly assumed that behavior is influenced by

A) homeostasis.
B) self-esteem needs.
C) incentives.
D) genetic predispositions.

Question 19

Which theory most clearly emphasizes the importance of homeostasis in motivation?

A) instinct theory
B) drive-reduction theory
C) arousal theory
D) hierarchy of needs theory

Question 20

When we are too hot,we perspire in order to lower our body temperature and thereby

A) preserve body warmth.
B) arouse drives.
C) maintain homeostasis.
D) create an incentive.

Question 21

Abraham Maslow suggested that self-transcendence needs motivate people to strive for

A) self-esteem.
B) self-actualization.
C) transpersonal meaning.
D) individuality.

Question 22

Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that people are unlikely to be motivated to obtain ________ if they are deprived of ________.

A) sexual gratification;self-esteem
B) good grades in school;love and safety
C) food and shelter;political freedom
D) friendship and love;religious fulfillment

Question 23

Miguel wonders how his friend Diego can wake up at 5:00 every morning to swim laps before school.When he asks about it,Diego replies that he simply wants to realize his highest personal potential in swimming.Diego's explanation is most consistent with ________ theory of motivation.

A) instinct
B) drive-reduction
C) hierarchy of needs
D) arousal

Question 24

"A monetary bonus is obviously the best way to motivate someone to do a great job and take pride in their work." This statement best illustrates the concept of ________ in motivation.

A) incentives
B) self-actualization
C) drives
D) arousal

Question 25

Dr.Chen believes that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of stimulation.When the level is too low,we try to increase it by seeking out stimulating experiences.When it is too high,we seek to reduce arousal in a less stimulating environment.Dr.Chen's views are most consistent with

A) instinct theory.
B) arousal theory.
C) humanistic theory.
D) incentive theory.

Question 26

The desire to avoid stress is to ________ theory as the desire to avoid boredom is to ________ theory.

A) arousal;incentive
B) instinct;drive-reduction
C) incentive;instinct
D) drive-reduction;arousal

Question 27

Lillian has the lead role in a high school play.According to the Yerkes-Dodson law,she is likely to perform ________ in the play if her physiological arousal during the performance is ________.

A) well;moderate
B) poorly;moderate
C) well;very low
D) well;very high

Question 28

Professor Sanford explains that the need for physical safety must be met before city dwellers will be motivated to form close friendships with neighbors.Professor Sanford is providing an example of

A) incentives.
B) a hierarchy of motives.
C) homeostasis.
D) drives.

Question 29

The arousal theory of motivation would be most helpful for explaining why

A) recreational skydivers jump out of airplanes.
B) hungry fishermen venture across dangerous ocean waters.
C) starving prisoners are preoccupied with thoughts of food.
D) sexually active teens learn to practice effective birth control.

Question 30

The desire to avoid boredom is to ________ theory as the desire to drink when thirsty is to ________ theory.

A) arousal;drive-reduction
B) drive-reduction;arousal
C) humanistic;incentive
D) incentive;humanistic

Question 31

The level of arousal typically associated with peak performance tends to be

A) lower on easy tasks.
B) higher on difficult tasks.
C) higher on well-learned tasks.
D) lower on well-learned tasks.

Question 32

According to Maslow,our need for ________ must be met before we are prompted to satisfy our need for ________.

A) food;love
B) self-esteem;adequate clothing
C) self-actualization;economic security
D) self-transcendence;self-actualization

Question 33

Which theory best explains why "sensation seekers" are motivated to engage in risky recreational behaviors such as mountain climbing?

A) instinct theory
B) drive-reduction theory
C) hierarchy of needs theory
D) arousal theory

Question 34

Lessening of internal tension would be most closely associated with which theory of motivation?

A) instinct theory
B) incentive theory
C) drive-reduction theory
D) hierarchy of needs theory

Question 35

The arousal theory of motivation would be most useful for explaining an infant's urge to

A) cry.
B) sleep.
C) eat.
D) explore.

Question 36

The Yerkes-Dodson law refers to the tendency for optimal performance to be associated with

A) homeostasis.
B) moderate arousal.
C) achievement motivation.
D) the spillover effect.

Question 37

Abraham Maslow referred to the need to live up to one's fullest and unique potential as the

A) need hierarchy.
B) need to belong.
C) need for self-esteem.
D) need for self-actualization.

Question 38

Home-life satisfaction is more strongly predictive of subjective well-being in wealthy nations than in poor ones.This fact would be most clearly anticipated by

A) arousal theory.
B) hierarchy of needs theory.
C) instinct theory.
D) evolutionary theory.

Question 39

When people are hungry,they ________ easily recall such feelings in their own past and they are ________ likely to perceive hunger as a driving force in other people's behavior.

A) more;less
B) less;more
C) more;more
D) less;less

Question 40

Prisoners of war placed on a semistarvation diet in which their food intake is cut in half are likely to

A) lose half their original body weight.
B) show an increased interest in sex and politics.
C) spend a great deal of time daydreaming about food.
D) do all of these things.

Question 41

Some researchers prefer the term settling point to set point because the typical body weight of an adult is influenced by

A) basal metabolic rate.
B) several appetite hormones.
C) the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.
D) environmental and biological factors.

Question 42

Carbohydrates such as pasta,chips,and sweets help boost levels of the neurotransmitter

A) orexin.
B) ghrelin.
C) serotonin.
D) PYY.

Question 43

The specific body weight maintained automatically by most adults over long periods of time is known as the

A) set point.
B) body mass index.
C) ecology of eating.
D) basal metabolic rate.

Question 44

Which of the following appetite hormones is secreted by the hypothalamus?

A) PYY
B) orexin
C) leptin
D) ghrelin

Question 45

The concept of a set point best illustrates an explanation of motivation in terms of

A) instincts.
B) incentives.
C) homeostasis.
D) the body mass index.

Question 46

Ghrelin is a ________ hormone secreted by the ________.

A) hunger-arousing;hypothalamus
B) hunger-suppressing;hypothalamus
C) hunger-arousing;stomach
D) hunger-suppressing;stomach

Question 47

Blood glucose levels are regulated by secretions of ________ by the pancreas.

A) PYY
B) leptin
C) orexin
D) insulin

Question 48

As part of your biological psychology class,you conduct an experiment in which a rat's brain is continuously infused with a hormone called ghrelin.Based on the function of ghrelin,you can predict that the rat will

A) display negative energy balance and lose weight gradually.
B) develop a huge appetite and gain weight.
C) lose its appetite and stop eating altogether.
D) display a significant decrease in its body mass index (BMI).

Question 49

In looking at the relationship between hunger and conditions of the stomach,researchers have discovered that

A) hunger cannot be experienced if one's stomach is full.
B) stomach contractions are necessary for experiencing hunger.
C) rats whose stomachs are removed continue to eat regularly.
D) humans and animals without stomachs lose the capacity to feel hungry.

Question 50

Although Jana's weight has been stable for 10 years,during the past month her weight has dropped more than 10 percent below her set point.It is likely that Jana is experiencing a(n)________ in hunger and a(n)________ in basal metabolic rate.

A) increase;increase
B) decrease;increase
C) increase;decrease
D) decrease;decrease

Question 51

The hunger-dampening hormone secreted by fat cells is

A) orexin.
B) insulin.
C) leptin.
D) ghrelin.

Question 52

Electrically stimulating an appetite-enhancing center within the hypothalamus of a well-fed animal is likely to

A) cause the animal to begin eating.
B) decrease the animal's basal metabolic rate.
C) prevent the conversion of the animal's blood glucose to fat.
D) permanently lower the animal's set point.

Question 53

Feelings of hunger are ________ by high levels of PYY and ________ by high levels of leptin.

A) increased;decreased
B) decreased;increased
C) increased;increased
D) decreased;decreased

Question 54

The arcuate nucleus is located within the

A) pancreas.
B) hypothalamus.
C) frontal lobes.
D) body's fat cells.

Question 55

When an organism's weight falls below its set point,the organism is likely to experience a(n)________ in hunger and a(n)________ in its basal metabolic rate.

A) increase;increase
B) decrease;decrease
C) increase;decrease
D) decrease;increase

Question 56

The form of blood sugar that provides the major source of energy for body tissues is

A) ghrelin.
B) insulin.
C) glucose.
D) serotonin.

Question 57

Several neural areas within the ________ regulate the extent to which we are motivated to eat.

A) hypothalamus
B) medulla
C) amygdala
D) hippocampus

Question 58

A drop in basal metabolic rate is most likely to result from

A) body mass index.
B) a semistarvation diet.
C) the ecology of eating.
D) excess leptin.

Question 59

During his adult life,Jerry has held career positions that varied from being very sedentary to requiring high levels of physical activity.Over all those years,however,his body weight has remained close to 175 pounds.His stable body weight best illustrates

A) a hierarchy of needs.
B) a set point.
C) basal metabolic rate.
D) body mass index.

Question 60

After eating a normal lunch,two patients readily consumed a second lunch 20 minutes later because they had

A) no memory of the previous meal.
B) excessively high blood glucose levels.
C) just received injections of PYY.
D) unusually low levels of ghrelin secretions.

Question 61

When encouraged to eat as much as they want,people tend to eat less if the foods are offered in smaller rather than larger portion sizes.This illustrates

A) unit bias.
B) social facilitation.
C) the ecology of eating.
D) set points.

Question 62

The World Health Organization defines ________ as a BMI of 30 or more.

A) unit bias
B) neophobia
C) obesity
D) starvation

Question 63

Although Cara has been obese for as long as she can remember,she is determined to lose excess body weight with a low-calorie diet.Cara is most likely to have difficulty becoming and staying thin because

A) she may have a higher-than-average set point for body weight.
B) low-calorie diets trigger increased secretions of PYY.
C) lean tissue is maintained by fewer calories than is fat tissue.
D) her resting metabolic rate will increase and prompt her to overeat.

Question 64

Situational influences on our food consumption have prompted psychologists to emphasize

A) social facilitation.
B) the set point.
C) the ecology of eating.
D) unit bias.

Question 65

Murial often tastes free samples of different foods while grocery shopping.She eats many more of these free samples when the grocery store is crowded with shoppers than when there are only a few other shoppers.This best illustrates the impact of

A) unit bias.
B) neophobia.
C) the ecology of eating.
D) social facilitation.

Question 66

The consumption of carbohydrates is most likely to

A) lower the body's set point.
B) decrease blood glucose levels.
C) reduce stress and tension.
D) prevent homeostasis.

Question 67

In the United States over the past 40 years,the rate of obesity among adults has ________ and the rate of obesity among children and teens has ________.

A) increased;decreased
B) decreased;increased
C) increased;increased
D) decreased;decreased

Question 68

A dislike of the tastes of certain foods during pregnancy tends to peak when the developing embryo is most vulnerable to

A) the ecology of eating.
B) social facilitation.
C) obesity.
D) toxins.

Question 69

French waistlines are smaller than American waistlines in part because the French offer foods in smaller portion sizes than do Americans.If so,this would best illustrate the importance of

A) social facilitation.
B) the ecology of eating.
C) the set point.
D) the body mass index.

Question 70

Research on the genetic and environmental influences on body weight has revealed that

A) the weight of adopted people correlates with that of their biological parents,not with that of their adoptive parents.
B) the weight of fraternal twins reared together is more highly correlated than the weight of identical twins reared apart.
C) obesity is somewhat less common among Americans today than 50 years ago.
D) identical twin men are more similar in weight than identical twin women.

Question 71

Lorissa is a fussy eater who refuses to take even a small taste of foods she has not seen before.Her behavior best illustrates

A) set point.
B) unit bias.
C) the ecology of eating.
D) neophobia.

Question 72

People consume more ice cream when scooping it with a big scoop rather than a small one.This best illustrates

A) base metabolic rate.
B) unit bias.
C) social facilitation.
D) neophobia .

Question 73

Rudy has been on a strict diet of 1000 calories per day for the last six weeks.He lost considerably more weight in the first three weeks of his diet than in the last three because

A) his metabolic rate has decreased.
B) his set point has increased.
C) lean tissue is maintained by fewer calories than is fat tissue.
D) his fat cells have begun to secrete elevated levels of leptin.

Question 74

In most developing societies today (as in Europe in earlier centuries),obesity is a sign of

A) low social status.
B) high social status.
C) neophobia.
D) unit bias.

Question 75

Twelve weeks after severely obese people had weight-loss surgery and lost significant weight,one experiment found that they had

A) improved memory performance.
B) increased depression.
C) developed neophobia.
D) increased levels of anxiety.

Question 76

People eat ________ when given a large rather than a small serving of food.They eat ________ when given a large rather than a small bowl out of which to eat their food.

A) less;less
B) less;more
C) more;less
D) more;more

Question 77

Obesity increases the risk of

A) gallstones.
B) arthritis.
C) diabetes.
D) all of these conditions.

Question 78

Yu-Fin,who lives in China,typically eats fried caterpillars,scorpions,and grilled dog meat.It is very likely that Yu-Fin

A) is very poor and malnourished.
B) is influenced in his eating habits by social and cultural factors.
C) is mentally ill.
D) eats regularly at the college cafeteria.

Question 79

Research on obesity and weight control indicates that

A) one pound is always lost for every 3500-calorie reduction in diet.
B) children with obese parents are no more likely to be obese than children with normal-weight parents.
C) once we become fat,we require less food to maintain our weight than we did to attain it.
D) it is easier for people to lose weight on the second or third attempt at dieting than on the first try.

Question 80

A violent illness that follows our eating of a particular food is likely to influence our taste preferences.This illustrates that taste preferences are influenced by

A) basal metabolic rate.
B) learning experiences.
C) the ecology of eating.
D) the settling point.