Deck 3: Explaining Deviance: The Perception, Reaction, and Power

Question 1

According to Foucault (1995), a panoptical society prevents resistance.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Power-reflexive theories suggest that all claims to knowledge are embedded
within relations of power.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

According to symbolic interactionists, the process of role-taking enables us to determine meaning by trying to understand the world from other people's points of view.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Although there is some disagreement about what postmodern theory actually is,
diverse postmodern theories are all broadly based on the notion of rejection.

Question 5

Reintegrative shaming illustrates the potentially positive consequences of stigmatization.

Question 6

According to labelling theory, those little acts of rule-breaking that we all engage in are called tertiary deviance.

Question 7

Marxism serves as the foundation for the other interpretive theories of deviance.

Question 8

According to labelling theory, deviance is a label attached to some people, but that label has little impact on their subsequent actions.

Question 9

Although labelling theory suggests a person's identity changes as a result of being labeled, the notion of the dramatization of evil maintains that identity remains stable.

Question 10

The model of the deviant career applies to both individuals who leave those careers and individuals who stay in those deviant careers.

Question 11

Feminist theorizing is done from outside of the dominant theoretical perspectives
within sociology, but also from within the dominant theoretical perspectives.

Question 12

According to Becker (1963), a deviant label assumes the level of master status, which contributes to the individual's exclusion from the conforming world.

Question 13

Solivetti (2003) found that in Italy, drug addiction is more prevalent in urban areas that have higher incomes and levels of education.

Question 14

As a result of false consciousness, society's masses believe that they have more freedom than they actually do.

Question 15

According to Goffman's (1959) notion of dramaturgy, impression management occurs with the front-stage self rather than the back-stage self.

Question 16

One of the ways that people of Middle-Eastern descent living in the United States have engaged in stigma management since 9/11 is through humour.

Question 17

According to Austin Turk (1969), the core struggle in society is between those
who are in positions of authority and those who are subject to authority.

Question 18

The difference between Marxist conflict theories and pluralist conflict theories is
that the former emphasize economic inequality, while the latter emphasize
multiple axes of inequality.

Question 19

Robinson (2008) found that anarchist groups have responded to a panoptical
society by making greater use of media to communicate their ideology to a wider
audience.

Question 20

The concept of the deviant career refers to those people who make their living through deviance (e.g. by selling stolen cars).

Question 21

The one thing that the different bodies of critical theory have in common, is
that they have all been criticized for failing to recognize that consensus does not
exist in society in terms of the laws and rules.

Question 22

Postmodern theories suggest that "truth" exists, despite the massive social
changes that have occurred since World War II.

Question 23

When Kendra is in her college classes, she seems quiet, kind, polite, and
Hardworking. But when she gets home, she lets her hair down and "real" Kendra
Emerges-a Kendra that is nothing like how she appears in her classes. This
Illustrates the difference between

A) primary deviance and secondary deviance.
B) secondary deviance and tertiary deviance.
C) her front-stage self and her back-stage self.
D) the generalized other and significant others.
E) her normative behaviour and her identity.

Question 24

In Canada, same-sex couples joined together to fight against the "deviant" label that has been attached to them, and campaigned for the right to legal marriage. What type of deviance are groups like this one engaging in?

A) tertiary deviance
B) primary deviance
C) secondary deviance
D) evolutionary deviance
E) processual deviance

Question 25

Topless dancers have been found to carefully manage who is and is not aware of what they do for a living. This response to stigmatization is called

A) trying to pass.
B) dividing their social worlds.
C) normalization.
D) affirming their status.
E) denial of responsibility.

Question 26

Which of the following concepts can be applied to the process by which an
Individual is caught at deviance and then becomes excluded from mainstream
Social life?

A) labelling
B) tagging
C) stigmatization
D) dramatization of evil
E) all of the concepts listed above apply to this process

Question 27

Tannenbaum (1938) suggests that we initially identify a particular act as
"deviant", and soon come to identify the entire person as "deviant". Which
Concepts play a role in this process?

A) primary deviance
B) tagging
C) dramatization of evil
D) the circularity of deviance
E) tagging and the dramatization of evil

Question 28

Sandi has been smoking marijuana for a few months. One day, the thought
Suddenly occurs to her that she is now one of those "potheads" that she used to
Make fun of. Within the model of the deviant career, Sandi has just encountered a

A) crisis moment.
B) career contingency.
C) time-lag contingency.
D) directive norm.
E) "tag".

Question 29

Which of the following theories would be the most likely to suggest that being
Caught at deviance increases the likelihood of future deviance?

A) the theory of the deviant career
B) labelling theory
C) power-reflexive theory
D) postmodern theory
E) pluralist conflict theory

Question 30

The concept of refers to a dominant characteristic by which
Others identify you, and treat you accordingly.

A) master status
B) secondary status
C) primary deviance
D) prescriptive status
E) normative status

Question 31

According to Becker (1963), what happens once a deviant label assumes the level of master status?

A) rejection from the legitimate world and the illegitimate world
B) rejection from the legitimate world and acceptance into the illegitimate world
C) acceptance into the legitimate world and rejection from the illegitimate world
D) acceptance into the legitimate world and the illegitimate world
E) acceptance/rejection is not based on deviance as a master status

Question 32

Using Goffman's (1959) notion of dramaturgy, in which of the following
Instances will impression management be particularly difficult?

A) Jinan has been assigned the role of "genius" by others
B) Jim has been assigned the role of "delinquent" by others
C) Erika has been assigned the role of "dancer" by others
D) Roz has been assigned the role of "corporate executive" by others
E) Goffman's work indicates that impression management is equally difficult with any type of role

Question 33

According to Marvasti (2008), which of the following means of stigma management have Americans of Middle-Eastern descent used since 9/11?

A) trying to pass
B) dividing their social worlds
C) normalization
D) affirming their status
E) denial of responsibility

Question 34

Applying postmodern theory, we would conclude that any notion of a dominant
moral code by which we can determine "deviance" and "normality" is being
eroded.

Question 35

From the perspective of symbolic interactionism, which of the following is an
Example of symbolic communication?

A) language
B) clothing
C) facial expressions
D) gestures
E) symbolic communication occurs through language, clothing, facial expressions, and gestures

Question 36

What have symbolic interactionist analyses found to be characteristic of the
Straightedge subculture?

A) abstaining from alcohol, drugs, and casual sex
B) vegetarianism
C) use of violence
D) condemnation of violence
E) any of the above, depending upon the particular Straightedge group under consideration

Question 37

Which of the following concepts does Tannenbaum (1938) say accompanies the dramatization of evil?

A) primary deviance
B) secondary deviance
C) tertiary deviance
D) tagging
E) dramaturgy

Question 38

You are deciding whether to engage in a particular act. A voice in your head
Suddenly says, "But what would my grandmother say if I did that?!" Which of the
Component of symbolic interactionism does this refer to?

A) significant others
B) role-taking
C) generalized other
D) tagging
E) reintegrative shaming

Question 39

In what way are the assumptions of the symbolic interactionist perspective related to the study of deviance?

A) by being on the receiving end of power and coercive tactics, we develop perceptions of what the social rules are
B) through rationalizing techniques, people who break the rules come up with excuses for their rule breaking
C) because meanings of deviance vary among people based upon their own interactions and communications, the "deviance dance" emerges
D) the bourgeoisie imposes their social rules on the proletariat
E) deviance emerges because of conflict between the norms of different cultures

Question 40

Karl is caught spray-painting graffiti on a dumpster. After being put on probation, he becomes an outsider at school. His old friends won't hang out with him anymore, and over time, he decides that if everyone thinks that he is a bad guy, then he might as well act like a bad guy. He starts skipping school, hanging out with a bad crowd, and doing drugs. Which of the following concepts describes the life he has developed?

A) tertiary deviance
B) primary deviance
C) secondary deviance
D) evolutionary deviance
E) processual deviance

Question 41

Of the following theories, which one is not a critical theory?

A) Marxist theories
B) feminist theories
C) postmodernist theories
D) non-Marxist conflict theories
E) all of the above are critical theories

Question 42

Which type of postmodernism postulates that only chaos and meaninglessness exist?

A) deconstructive
B) skeptical
C) critical
D) environmental
E) affirmative

Question 43

What changes have occurred in advanced capitalist societies since the end of World War II, according to postmodern theorists?

A) politics has become a commercial activity
B) products have replaced symbols and culture as the centre of the economy
C) people have become citizens rather than consumers
D) there has been the "growth of the individual"
E) people have become more politically active

Question 44

The concept of refers to the intertwining of a particular
Worldview with institutionalized power.

A) hegemony
B) false consciousness
C) ideology
D) labelling
E) stigmatization

Question 45

Which of the following theories would logically lead to the conclusion that any
Dominant moral code, by which we can determine "deviance" and "normality", is
Gradually being eroded in advanced capitalist societies?

A) symbolic interactionism
B) labelling theory
C) pluralist conflict theory
D) postmodern theory
E) power-reflexive theory

Question 46

Which of the following concepts describes a situation wherein society's masses
Perceive themselves as having more freedom than they actually do?

A) authority
B) false consciousness
C) ideology
D) post-panoptical society
E) hegemony

Question 47

Which of the following theories would best explain why you carefully monitor
Your own behaviour to ensure that you are saying the right things, doing the right
Things, and have the right physical appearance?

A) group conflict theory
B) culture conflict theory
C) power-reflexive theory
D) postmodern theory
E) the theory of false consciousness

Question 48

What are the shared assumptions among conflict theories?

A) social rules emerge out of consensus
B) members of powerful groups are less likely to break the "rules" of society
C) members of powerless groups are less likely to break the "rules" of society
D) all claims to knowledge are socially-embedded
E) women are an oppressed group in society

Question 49

Which of the following factors is not included in Solivetti's (2003) attempt to explain the growing problem of drug addiction in urban areas of Italy?

A) chronic unemployment
B) lower levels of education
C) gap between achievements and the characteristics of the community
D) higher levels of individualism
E) lower socioeconomic classes

Question 50

According to Karl Marx,are those who control the means of production.

A) proletariat
B) bourgeoisie
C) powerless
D) lumpen-proletariat
E) the powerless and the proletariat

Question 51

Explain what "the end of the individual" means, and describe the context within which it has arisen.

Question 52

Victor (2004) investigated the roles of labelling theory, the general theory of crime, and differential association theory in explaining risky sexual behaviour among a group of adolescent girls. In Victor's final model, which factors contributed to risky sexual behaviour?

A) high levels of strain
B) high levels of anger combined with low levels of depression
C) developing a "wigger" identity
D) being physically abused during childhood
E) internalization of the generalized other

Question 53

Which of the following statements reflects an assumption that all feminist theories
Share?

A) the existence of prostitution illustrates the sexual oppression of women within patriarchy
B) the criteria for female deviance may differ from the criteria for male deviance in society
C) men sexually-oppress women
D) men are bad
E) prostitution is a job just like any other job

Question 54

Which of the following theories is based upon an emancipatory foundation?

A) conflict theories
B) interpretive theories
C) social control theories
D) strain theories
E) conflict theories and interpretive theories

Question 55

Feminist theories are critical of mainstream theories for

A) implicitly assuming that the male experience can be generalized to understanding the female experience.
B) ignoring women.
C) treating women as the Other that stands in contrast to the normative male standard.
D) explicitly assuming that the male experience can be generalized to understanding the female experience.
E) a variety of reasons, including all of those listed above.

Question 56

Robinson (2008) found that anarchist groups have responded to living in a
Panoptical society by

A) the increased use of CCTVs.
B) using the media to communicate their ideology to more people.
C) greater integration with the outside world.
D) creating a "security culture."
E) tertiary deviance.

Question 57

What is the primary criticism of interpretive theories as a whole?

A) they fail to address the social structure
B) they focus most of their attention on adolescents
C) they advocate for social change, removing the objectivity that is necessary in academia
D) they are teleological
E) they have a conservative bias

Question 58

Differentiate between instrumental Marxists and structural Marxists.

Question 59

The concept of therefers to people being nothing more than the
Style or image being pursued.

A) "growth of the individual"
B) "end of the individual"
C) "capitalist machine"
D) "iron cage"
E) "discourse of personhood"

Question 60

What are the assumptions of instrumental Marxists?

A) members of the bourgeoisie may be subject to a deviant label
B) a deviant label is used to control the proletariat
C) social rules are created by the powerful to protect the capitalist economic system, rather than to protect individual capitalists
D) social rules are created by the proletariat
E) all of the statements listed above are assumptions of instrumental Marxists

Question 61

Differentiate between disintegrative shaming and reintegrative shaming.

Question 62

Explain why deviance specialists that lean toward the more subjective end of the objective-subjective continuum find interpretive theories and critical theories to be the most useful in their analyses.

Question 63

Explain what a panoptical society is, and describe how anarchist groups have responded to living in such a society.

Question 64

Consider Goffman's (1959) notion of dramaturgy. Describe its basic assumptions, and distinguish between front-stage selves and back-stage selves. Explain how these assumptions and concepts are related to the concept of stigmatization, and describe how Americans of Middle-Eastern descent have responded to being stigmatized since 9/11.

Question 65

Explain how feminist theories can be applied to the study of deviance and normality, and provide an example.

Question 66

Consider the example of homosexuality. Select one interpretive theory and one critical theory. Then compare and contrast the nature of the analysis of homosexuality that might be offered within each of these two theories.

Question 67

Apply the following assumptions of symbolic interactionism to your own life: (a) role-taking; (b) looking glass self; (c) significant others; and (d) generalized other. Explain how each of these concepts has played a role in your own understandings of "deviance" and "normality".

Question 68

Compare and contrast Tannenbaum's and Lemert's versions of labelling theory.

Question 69

Explain how ideology, hegemony, and false consciousness are related, drawing upon an example of your own choosing.