Question 1

Epigenetic modifications _____.
A)are considered evolutionary
B)are completely reset during development
C)alter the DNA sequence
D)can persist for generations
E)respond less rapidly to environmental changes than altering the DNA sequence

Accepted Answer

Epigenetic modifications can persist for generations, meaning they can be passed down to offspring without altering the DNA sequence. This can have important implications for inheritance and evolution.

Question 2

Match each term with the most appropriate description.
-site at which RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription
A)anticodon
B)rRNA
C)codon
D)ribosome
E)genetic code
F)translation termination
G)messenger RNA
H)promoters
I)transcription
J)translation

Accepted Answer

Promoters are the specific sequence of DNA that acts as the binding site for RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.

Answer: G
 Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a single-stranded RNA molecule that carries the genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Answer: I
 Transcription is the process by which RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA from a DNA template, using one strand of DNA as a template to make a complementary RNA molecule.

Answer: A
 Anticodon is a sequence of three nucleotides on transfer RNA (tRNA) that is complementary to a specific codon on mRNA during protein synthesis.

Answer: D
 Ribosomes are the molecular machines that facilitate the synthesis of proteins by decoding mRNA into amino acid sequences.

Answer: F
 Translation termination is the process by which the ribosome releases the newly synthesized protein from the mRNA strand and dissociates into its subunits.

Answer: E
 The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in DNA or RNA sequences is translated into proteins.

Answer: C
 Codon is a sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid during protein synthesis.

Answer: B
 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the RNA component of the ribosome, which is responsible for catalyzing the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids during protein synthesis.

Answer: J
 Translation is the process by which ribosomes synthesize proteins using the genetic information encoded in mRNA.

Question 3

Match each term with the most appropriate description.
-occurs when stop codons are read
A)anticodon
B)rRNA
C)codon
D)ribosome
E)genetic code
F)translation termination
G)messenger RNA
H)promoters
I)transcription
J)translation

Accepted Answer

Translation termination occurs when stop codons are read, signaling the end of protein synthesis.

Answer: G
 Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome where translation occurs.

Answer: B
 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a major component of the ribosome, the molecular machine that carries out protein synthesis.

Answer: C
 Codons are the three-nucleotide sequences on mRNA that code for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis.

Answer: J
 Translation is the process of protein synthesis, during which the ribosome reads the mRNA codons and links specific amino acids together to form a protein.

Answer: I
 Transcription is the process of copying DNA into mRNA, which occurs in the nucleus of the cell.

Answer: H
 Promoters are regions of DNA that regulate gene expression by providing a binding site for RNA polymerase, which initiates transcription.

Answer: A
 Anticodons are the complementary nucleotide sequences on transfer RNA (tRNA) that bind to the codons on mRNA during protein synthesis.

Answer: E
 The genetic code is the set of rules that governs the translation of nucleotide sequences into amino acid sequences during protein synthesis.

Question 4

Match each term with the most appropriate description.
-guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
A)anticodon
B)rRNA
C)codon
D)ribosome
E)genetic code
F)translation termination
G)messenger RNA
H)promoters
I)transcription
J)translation

Accepted Answer

Transcription is the process of synthesizing an RNA molecule using a DNA template, and RNA polymerases are the enzymes that catalyze this reaction.

Answer: H 
 Promoters are specific DNA sequences that are recognized and bound by RNA polymerases, guiding them to the proper starting point for transcription.

Answer: G 
 Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA that carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

Answer: B 
 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a component of ribosomes, which are the complexes of proteins and RNA that carry out protein synthesis.

Answer: E 
 The genetic code refers to the specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

Answer: J 
 Translation is the process of using the genetic information in mRNA to synthesize a protein, and it is carried out by ribosomes.

Answer: F 
 Translation termination is the process in which the ribosome recognizes a stop codon in the mRNA and releases the newly synthesized protein.

Answer: A and C 
 The codon is a three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid, while the anticodon is a three-nucleotide sequence in tRNA that is complementary to a codon and helps to bring the proper amino acid into the growing protein chain.

Question 5

Most homeotic genes encode _____; therefore,the protein products of these master genes are found in the _____.
A)stop codons; ribosomes
B)transcription factors; nucleus
C)transcription factors; extracellular matrix
D)splicing proteins; endoplasmic reticulum
E)energy releasing proteins; mitochondria

Accepted Answer

Homeotic genes encode transcription factors, which regulate the expression of other genes. Therefore, their protein products are found in the nucleus.

Question 6

Female secondary sexual traits,such as functional breasts and fat deposits around the hips and thighs,are determined by _____.
A)the presence of the master gene, SRY
B)increased concentration of gene products from the two X chromosomes
C)absence of gene products from the Y chromosome
D)sex hormones
E)maternal influence

Accepted Answer

Female secondary sexual traits are determined by sex hormones, particularly estrogen, which is responsible for breast development and fat deposition around the hips and thighs. The presence of the master gene, SRY, is responsible for male sexual development and has no impact on the development of female secondary sexual traits. Increased gene products from the two X chromosomes, absence of gene products from the Y chromosome, and maternal influence do not play a significant role in determining female secondary sexual traits.

Question 7

Match each term with the most appropriate description.
-binds to ribosomes to begin translation
A)Anticodon
B)rRNA
C)Codon
D)Ribosome
E)genetic code
F)translation termination
G)messenger RNA
H)Promoters
I)Transcription
J)Translation

Accepted Answer

Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes where translation takes place.

Answer: D 
 Ribosomes are the organelles that bind to mRNA and facilitate the process of translation.

Answer: J 
 Translation is the process by which ribosomes use the information in mRNA to synthesize a protein.

Note: The other terms listed have important roles in protein synthesis but did not match the description of "binds to ribosomes to begin translation".

Question 8

Identify the type of mutation associated with the following questions and statements.Some answers may be used more than once.
-A deletion in the beta globin gene leads to this type of mutation,causing beta-thalassemia.
A)Deletion only
B)Insertion only
C)Base-pair substitution
D)Frame-shift mutation

Accepted Answer

A deletion in the beta globin gene would cause a frame-shift mutation, as it would shift the reading frame of the gene and change the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein.

Question 9

Identify the type of mutation associated with the following questions and statements.Some answers may be used more than once.
-What type of mutation occurred if the sequence GGACTCCTCCTCAGA is changed to GGACTCCTTCCTCAGA?
A)Deletion only
B)Insertion only
C)Base-pair substitution
D)Frame-shift mutation

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify the type of mutation associated with...

Question 10

Match each term with the most appropriate description.
-RNA-directed synthesis of polypeptide chains
A)anticodon
B)rRNA
C)codon
D)ribosome
E)genetic code
F)translation termination
G)messenger RNA
H)promoters
I)transcription
J)translation

Accepted Answer

The answer of Match each term with the most appropriate...

Question 11

Homeotic genes encode which type of protein?  
A)transcription factors
B)ribosomal proteins
C)channel proteins
D)membrane-associated proteins
E)DNA methylases

Accepted Answer

Homeotic genes code for transcription factors that control the expression of other genes involved in developmental pathways.

Question 12

Match each term with the most appropriate description.
-all of the mRNA codons
A)anticodon
B)rRNA
C)codon
D)ribosome
E)genetic code
F)translation termination
G)messenger RNA
H)promoters
I)transcription
J)translation

Accepted Answer

The answer of Match each term with the most appropriate...

Question 13

Match each term with the most appropriate description.
-an mRNA code for one amino acid
A)anticodon
B)rRNA
C)codon
D)ribosome
E)genetic code
F)translation termination
G)messenger RNA
H)promoters
I)transcription
J)translation

Accepted Answer

A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid in a protein.

Answer: G
 Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Answer: J
 Translation is the process by which ribosomes convert the genetic information in mRNA into a chain of amino acids to form a protein.

Answer: B
 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that forms part of the ribosome and is involved in protein synthesis.

Answer: E
 The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material (DNA or RNA) is translated into proteins (amino acid sequences).

Answer: F
 Translation termination is the process by which translation of an mRNA molecule is terminated at the end of the coding region.

Answer: I
 Transcription is the process by which genetic information in DNA is copied into RNA.

Answer: H
 Promoters are specific regions of DNA that control the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription. They determine which genes are expressed in a particular cell type or in response to specific signals.

Answer: A
 An anticodon is a sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a specific codon in mRNA during protein synthesis.

Question 14

Identify the type of mutation associated with the following questions and statements.Some answers may be used more than once.
-If UUA codes for leucine (leu),UUU codes for phenylalanine (phe),AUU codes for isoleucine (iso),AAA codes for asparagine (asn)and UAA codes for a stop codon,which type of mutation would be responsible for changing the protein sequence from leu-phe-iso-iso-stop to leu-phe-leu-phe-asn-stop
A)Deletion only
B)Insertion only
C)Base-pair substitution
D)Frame-shift mutation

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify the type of mutation associated with...

Question 15

Identify the type of mutation associated with the following questions and statements.Some answers may be used more than once.
-Which type of mutation replaces glutamic acid with valine in beta globin proteins in individuals with sickle-cell anemia?
A)Deletion only
B)Insertion only
C)Base-pair substitution
D)Frame-shift mutation

Accepted Answer

The mutation described is a base-pair substitution, specifically a GAG to GTG substitution that changes glutamic acid to valine. This is known as the sickle-cell mutation.

Question 16

Identify the type of mutation associated with the following questions and statements.Some answers may be used more than once.
-What type of mutation is least likely to alter the amino acid sequence?
A)Deletion only
B)Insertion only
C)Base-pair substitution
D)Frame-shift mutation

Accepted Answer

Base-pair substitution is the mutation that is least likely to alter the amino acid sequence because it only involves the substitution of one nucleotide for another, which may or may not result in a change in the amino acid coded for by that codon. Deletions and insertions shift the reading frame of the codons, altering all subsequent amino acids. Frame-shift mutations also alter the reading frame and can result in a completely different amino acid sequence.

Question 17

Identify the type of mutation associated with the following questions and statements.Some answers may be used more than once.
-The mutation in the keratin gene in sphynx cats causes a change in the intron-exon splice site,and is an example of which type of mutation?
A)Deletion only
B)Insertion only
C)Base-pair substitution
D)Frame-shift mutation

Accepted Answer

A base-pair substitution mutation involves the replacement of one nucleotide base with another, which can cause changes in the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein. This is consistent with the description of the mutation in the keratin gene in sphynx cats. Deletion and insertion mutations involve the loss or addition of nucleotide bases, respectively, which can also cause changes in the amino acid sequence if they occur in multiples of three nucleotides (so-called "in-frame" mutations). Frame-shift mutations involve the insertion or deletion of a number of nucleotides that is not divisible by three, which causes a shift in the reading frame of the gene and can result in a completely different protein sequence downstream of the mutation.

Question 18

Match each term with the most appropriate description.
-sites for polypeptide assembly
A)Anticodon
B)rRNA
C)Codon
D)Ribosome
E)genetic code
F)translation termination
G)messenger RNA
H)Promoters
I)Transcription
J)Translation

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes are the sites for polypeptide assembly.

Answer: A
 Anticodons are the complementary sequences of codons on tRNA molecules.

Answer: B
 rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is a type of RNA that makes up the ribosome.

Answer: G
 mRNA (messenger RNA) carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

Answer: E
 The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences) is translated into proteins.

Answer: F
 Translation termination is the process by which the ribosome stops protein synthesis and releases the completed protein.

Answer: H
 Promoters are the regions of DNA that signal the initiation of transcription.

Answer: I
 Transcription is the process by which DNA is used as a template to synthesize RNA.

Answer: J
 Translation is the process by which ribosomes assemble amino acids into proteins using the information carried by mRNA.

Question 19

Match each term with the most appropriate description.
-complex with proteins to form ribosomes
A)Anticodon
B)rRNA
C)Codon
D)Ribosome
E)genetic code
F)translation termination
G)messenger RNA
H)Promoters
I)Transcription
J)Translation

Accepted Answer

rRNA complexes with proteins to form ribosomes.

Answer: G
 Messenger RNA carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes during protein synthesis.

Answer: I
 Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a DNA sequence.

Answer: H
 Promoters are specific DNA sequences that signal the start of a gene and the location where RNA polymerase should bind to initiate transcription.

Answer: D
 Ribosomes are the structures in cells where proteins are synthesized through the process of translation.

Answer: J
 Translation is the process of converting the genetic information in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids that form a protein.

Answer: F
 Translation termination is the process of ending protein synthesis when a stop codon is encountered in the mRNA sequence.

Answer: A
 Anticodons are the complementary sequences of nucleotides in tRNA that pair with codons in mRNA.

Answer: C
 Codons are the three-nucleotide sequences in mRNA that code for a specific amino acid or signal the start or end of protein synthesis.

Answer: E
 The genetic code is the system of codons that specifies the amino acid sequence of proteins.

Question 20

Match each term with the most appropriate description.
-a tRNA triplet complementary to a mRNA codon
A)Anticodon
B)rRNA
C)Codon
D)Ribosome
E)genetic code
F)translation termination
G)messenger RNA
H)Promoters
I)Transcription
J)Translation

Accepted Answer

The anticodon is a triplet of nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a specific codon on mRNA.

Answer: B
 rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is a type of RNA that is found in ribosomes, where it helps catalyze the formation of peptide bonds during translation.

Answer: C
 A codon is a triplet of nucleotides on mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or serves as a stop signal during translation.

Answer: D
 The ribosome is a complex of RNA and protein that carries out protein synthesis by reading mRNA and catalyzing the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.

Answer: E
 The genetic code is a set of rules that determines how nucleotide triplets (codons) on mRNA specify the sequence of amino acids in proteins.

Answer: F
 Translation termination refers to the process by which translation of an mRNA molecule stops at the end of the coding region, often due to recognition of a stop codon by release factors.

Answer: G
 Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA that carries information from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where it is translated into protein.

Answer: H
 Promoters are DNA sequences that are recognized by RNA polymerase during transcription, and which help initiate transcription of a particular gene.

Answer: I
 Transcription is the process by which DNA is used as a template to synthesize RNA, including various types such as messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA).

Answer: J
 Translation is the process by which mRNA is decoded by ribosomes to synthesize proteins, including initiation, elongation, and termination steps.

Quiz 7: Gene Expression AND Control

Epigenetic modifications _____.

Match each term with the most appropriate description. -site at which RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription

Match each term with the most appropriate description. -occurs when stop codons are read

Match each term with the most appropriate description. -guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases

Most homeotic genes encode _; therefore,the protein products of these master genes are found in the _.

Female secondary sexual traits,such as functional breasts and fat deposits around the hips and thighs,are determined by _____.

Match each term with the most appropriate description. -binds to ribosomes to begin translation

Identify the type of mutation associated with the following questions and statements.Some answers may be used more than once. -A deletion in the beta globin gene leads to this type of mutation,causing beta-thalassemia.

Identify the type of mutation associated with the following questions and statements.Some answers may be used more than once. -What type of mutation occurred if the sequence GGACTCCTCCTCAGA is changed to GGACTCCTTCCTCAGA?

Match each term with the most appropriate description. -RNA-directed synthesis of polypeptide chains

Homeotic genes encode which type of protein?

Match each term with the most appropriate description. -all of the mRNA codons

Match each term with the most appropriate description. -an mRNA code for one amino acid

Identify the type of mutation associated with the following questions and statements.Some answers may be used more than once. -Which type of mutation replaces glutamic acid with valine in beta globin proteins in individuals with sickle-cell anemia?

Identify the type of mutation associated with the following questions and statements.Some answers may be used more than once. -What type of mutation is least likely to alter the amino acid sequence?

Identify the type of mutation associated with the following questions and statements.Some answers may be used more than once. -The mutation in the keratin gene in sphynx cats causes a change in the intron-exon splice site,and is an example of which type of mutation?

Match each term with the most appropriate description. -sites for polypeptide assembly

Match each term with the most appropriate description. -complex with proteins to form ribosomes

Match each term with the most appropriate description. -a tRNA triplet complementary to a mRNA codon