Question 1

Dawn remembers where she was and what she was doing when Michael Jackson died,seemingly as if it occurred yesterday.This memory is called a
A)source memory.
B)flashbulb memory.
C)serial-position memory.
D)flashback memory.

Accepted Answer

A flashbulb memory is a detailed and vivid memory of a significant event that is stored in the brain as if it were a photograph or snapshot. The death of Michael Jackson was a significant event that many people remember vividly, even years later. Therefore, Dawn's memory of where she was and what she was doing when Michael Jackson died is an example of a flashbulb memory.

Question 2

The inability to distinguish what you originally experienced from what you heard or were told about an event later is called
A)semantic memory.
B)priming.
C)explicit memory.
D)source misattribution.

Accepted Answer

Source misattribution is a memory error where a person can't distinguish between what they personally experienced and what they heard from others or read about later. Semantic memory refers to general knowledge that isn't tied to a specific event, priming refers to the activation of specific associations in memory, and explicit memory is conscious and intentional recall of previous experiences.

Question 3

Long-term memory is sometimes unreliable because of _______ of information.
A)reconstruction
B)retention
C)coding
D)chunking

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory can be affected by the reconstruction of information, especially if there are gaps or missing pieces of information that the brain fills in with assumptions or previous experiences. This is why eyewitness testimony can sometimes be inaccurate, as memories can be influenced by external factors or personal biases. Retention refers to the ability to keep information in memory, coding refers to the way information is processed and stored in memory, and chunking is a strategy for improving retention by breaking down information into smaller, more manageable chunks. While these factors can also affect long-term memory, they do not inherently cause unreliability in the same way that reconstruction can.

Question 4

Retrieving a memory is like
A)replaying a videotape of an event.
B)reading a short story that describes the characters in detail,but does not include the dialogue.
C)hearing the soundtrack of a story without access to the visual and other sensory images.
D)watching unconnected frames of a movie and figuring out what the rest of the scene was like.

Accepted Answer

Retrieving a memory is often reconstructive, like watching unconnected frames of a movie and figuring out the rest, as memories are not stored as exact replicas of events but rather as pieces that need to be reconstructed.

Question 5

Chad remembers the feeling of excitement in his house when his mother stepped through the door with his new baby sister.He can still picture the tiny little baby with a stocking cap on her head! His parents can't convince him that he actually stayed with his grandparents for two weeks after his sister was born and that his memory never happened! Chad's memory is an example of
A)childhood amnesia.
B)confabulation.
C)psychogenic amnesia.
D)repression.

Accepted Answer

Chad's memory is an example of confabulation, which is the recall of false or distorted memories. His parents' insistence that he stayed with his grandparents suggests that his memory is not accurate. Childhood amnesia refers to the inability to recall memories from early childhood, psychogenic amnesia is a memory disorder caused by psychological factors, and repression is a defense mechanism in which traumatic memories are pushed into the unconscious mind.

Question 6

Irene swears that she was there the night her best friend got into a fight with her ex-boyfriend.It takes several of her friends to convince her that she was not.Which of the following likely made Irene's fake memory seem so real to her?
A)She had only heard the story of the fight a few times.
B)The fight occurred only a year ago.
C)Her memory contained only a few key details.
D)The fight was easy to imagine.

Accepted Answer

The option that made Irene's fake memory seem so real to her is that the fight was easy to imagine. This suggests that Irene may have constructed the memory based on her prior knowledge and understanding of the events, rather than from an actual experience.

Question 7

Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called
A)elaborative rehearsals.
B)flashbulb memories.
C)eidetic images.
D)eyewitness images.

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories are highly detailed and vivid memories of significant events that are often emotionally charged, such as the September 11th terrorist attacks, the assassination of a president, or a personal traumatic event. These memories are thought to be stored in a different way than other memories due to the intense emotional experience associated with them.

Question 8

A system that allows people to retain information over time is called
A)memory.
B)cognition.
C)computer.
D)intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Memory is the system in the human brain that allows individuals to retain information, and recall it later on. This process involves encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

Question 9

Christina was visiting a friend in New York City on September 11,2001,the day of the attack on the World Trade Center.To her,that day seems frozen in time.She remembers exactly where she was,what she was doing,and what she felt as the morning transpired.This vivid recollection is known as
A)source misattribution.
B)a flashbulb memory.
C)a serial-position effect.
D)a frozen memory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Christina was visiting a friend in New...

Question 10

Which term is used to describe the confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you?
A)confabulation
B)flashbulb memory
C)serial-position effect
D)priming

Accepted Answer

The term used to describe the confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you is confabulation. Confabulation is a memory disturbance where a person with memory deficits produces fabricated, distorted or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world.

Question 11

The reconstructive nature of memory helps the mind work efficiently.As a result
A)we can store all of the information pertaining to an experience.
B)we can use our knowledge of the world to figure out the specifics when we need them.
C)our brains are crammed with infinite details.
D)we are not vulnerable to suggestion.

Accepted Answer

The reconstructive nature of memory allows our brains to fill in missing details or retrieve specific information by using our knowledge of the world. This makes our memory more efficient and allows us to recall information more easily when we need it. Option A is incorrect because we cannot store all information pertaining to an experience. Option C is incorrect because our brains have limited capacity for storing information. Option D is incorrect because we are vulnerable to suggestion, especially when it comes to false memories or memories that are distorted by external influences.

Question 12

When 6-year-old Sven's parents overhear him describing his third birthday party,they look at each other in surprise.Sven appears to remember the birthday cake his father was baking burned and his aunt had to run out and buy one from a bakery,even though Sven was not present when those events occurred.Sven's memory illustrates the concept of
A)priming.
B)implicit memory.
C)confabulation.
D)decay.

Accepted Answer

Sven's memory is not entirely accurate and contains details that he may have heard from others or created himself, which is known as confabulation. It is unlikely that he has explicit or conscious memories of events that occurred when he was only three years old. Priming and implicit memory are related to unconscious processing of information and do not apply to Sven's situation. Decay refers to the fading of memories over time, but Sven's memory is not necessarily fading since he is recalling events that happened several years ago.

Question 13

Detective Adams interrogates eyewitnesses of crimes on a regular basis.To ensure that their testimony is accurate,it is important that he
A)ask leading questions.
B)make suggestive comments.
C)avoid misleading information.
D)provide misleading information.

Accepted Answer

To ensure accurate testimony, Detective Adams should avoid misleading information and any actions that may sway the witness's memory or perception of the crime. Asking leading questions or making suggestive comments can easily do this, so those choices are incorrect. Providing misleading information is also unethical and can compromise the case.

Question 14

_______________ refers to the capacity to retain and retrieve information.
A)Recall
B)Memory
C)Priming
D)Recognition

Accepted Answer

Memory refers to the ability to retain and retrieve information. Recall refers specifically to being able to retrieve previously learned information from memory. Priming is a phenomenon where exposure to a particular stimulus influences the response to a subsequent stimulus, and recognition refers to the ability to identify previously learned information when encountered again.

Question 15

According to Sir Frederic Bartlett
A)memory is like a video camera recording an entire experience.
B)memory is largely a reconstructive process,like putting together a puzzle when you are missing some pieces.
C)memory for complex information is generally reproduced by rote.
D)emotional memories are especially vivid and detailed.

Accepted Answer

Sir Frederic Bartlett's research showed that memory is largely a reconstructive process, meaning that details can be filled in based on past experiences and expectations, much like putting together a puzzle with missing pieces. This implies that memory is not like a video camera that records every detail accurately.

Question 16

_______________ is an especially vivid memory of an emotional event.
A)Reconstructive memory
B)A flashbulb memory
C)Semantic memory
D)Video memory

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memory is a type of autobiographical memory that involves an especially vivid and detailed memory of an emotional or highly consequential event. These memories are often highly resistant to forgetting and can be recalled with great accuracy even years after the event. Examples of flashbulb memory events might include the assassination of a prominent political figure, a national disaster or tragedy, or a highly personally significant event such as a wedding or the birth of a child.

Question 17

Roger Brown and James Kulik labeled the vivid recollection of emotional events as
A)source amnesia.
B)flashbulb memories.
C)serial position effects.
D)frozen memories.

Accepted Answer

Roger Brown and James Kulik labeled the vivid recollection of emotional events as flashbulb memories.

Question 18

Eyewitness testimonies by victims are most likely to contain errors when the suspect
A)is of a different gender than the victim.
B)is significantly older than the victim.
C)is significantly younger than the victim.
D)is of a different ethnic background than the victim.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that people are generally better at recognizing faces of their own ethnic group compared to those of different ethnic groups, a phenomenon known as the cross-race effect or own-race bias. This can lead to higher rates of misidentification and errors in eyewitness testimonies when the suspect is of a different ethnic background than the victim.

Question 19

Memory is critical to our lives because
A)it confers a sense of personal identity,which enhances our sense of coherence.
B)without memory,we could not experience emotions.
C)it operates as a video camera would,automatically recording every moment of our lives.
D)each thing that happens to us,or impinges on our senses,is tucked away for later use.

Accepted Answer

Our memories make up a large part of our sense of self and personal identity, which in turn helps us make sense of our experiences and gives us a sense of coherence in our lives.

Question 20

Flashbulb memories
A)are not subject to periodic revision.
B)concern events that are highly significant.
C)are almost always highly accurate.
D)include a memory's main subject,but not the background events.

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories are characterized as highly vivid and "photographic" recollections of highly significant events, such as the September 11 terrorist attacks or the assassination of President Kennedy. However, while they may be highly emotional and meaningful, they are not always highly accurate and may be subject to distortions and errors over time.

Quiz 8: Memory

Dawn remembers where she was and what she was doing when Michael Jackson died,seemingly as if it occurred yesterday.This memory is called a

The inability to distinguish what you originally experienced from what you heard or were told about an event later is called

Long-term memory is sometimes unreliable because of _______ of information.

Retrieving a memory is like

Irene swears that she was there the night her best friend got into a fight with her ex-boyfriend.It takes several of her friends to convince her that she was not.Which of the following likely made Irene's fake memory seem so real to her?

Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called

A system that allows people to retain information over time is called

Christina was visiting a friend in New York City on September 11,2001,the day of the attack on the World Trade Center.To her,that day seems frozen in time.She remembers exactly where she was,what she was doing,and what she felt as the morning transpired.This vivid recollection is known as

Which term is used to describe the confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you?

The reconstructive nature of memory helps the mind work efficiently.As a result

Detective Adams interrogates eyewitnesses of crimes on a regular basis.To ensure that their testimony is accurate,it is important that he

_______________ refers to the capacity to retain and retrieve information.

According to Sir Frederic Bartlett

_______________ is an especially vivid memory of an emotional event.

Roger Brown and James Kulik labeled the vivid recollection of emotional events as

Eyewitness testimonies by victims are most likely to contain errors when the suspect

Memory is critical to our lives because

Flashbulb memories