Question 1

Juanita recruits participants for a study examining the impact of adrenaline on attraction.In her study she randomly assigns participants to either receive a placebo injection or an injection of adrenaline.All participants then rate the desirability of potential romantic partners.Juanita is conducting a(n)_____ and the appropriate statistical test is a(n)_____.
A) correlation;ANOVA
B) three-group experiment;independent samples t-test
C) two-group experiment;independent samples t-test
D) observational study;correlation

Accepted Answer

This is a two-group experiment because Juanita is dividing participants into two groups (placebo and adrenaline), and the appropriate statistical test is an independent samples t-test because she is comparing the mean ratings of two groups. Neither correlation nor ANOVA are appropriate for this study.

Question 2

The independent samples t-test compares:
A) the variance of the control group with the variance of the experimental group.
B) the standard deviation of the control group with the standard deviation of the experimental group.
C) the mean of the control group with the mean of the experimental group.
D) the mean of the control group with the mean of the null group.

Accepted Answer

The independent samples t-test compares the means of two groups, namely the control group and the experimental group. It is used to determine if there is a statistically significant difference between the means of two independent groups. Therefore, choice C, which states that the mean of the control group is compared to the mean of the experimental group, is the correct answer. The other choices, which involve comparing variances and standard deviations or comparing with a null group, are not the focus of the independent samples t-test.

Question 3

The effect size is the:
A) measure of statistical significance.
B) the degree to which one variable is related to another variable.
C) the extent to which the experiment resembles a real world setting.
D) magnitude of the difference between groups.

Accepted Answer

The effect size refers to the magnitude of the difference between groups or the degree to which the manipulation of the independent variable has an impact on the dependent variable, regardless of statistical significance.

Question 4

Charles works at a newspaper as a fact-checker.His job is to verify claims to ensure that any conclusions made by the reporters are,in fact,correct.Charles is the metaphorical _____ of the newspaper.
A) manipulation check
B) measure of effect size
C) internal validity
D) check of mundane realism

Accepted Answer

The answer of Charles works at a newspaper as a...

Question 5

Isabel would like for her experiment to have as much experimental realism as possible.Accordingly,when examining the impact of fear on memory,she uses _____ to induce participants' fear.
A) pictures of a snake
B) a video of a snake
C) an actual snake
D) visualization of a snake

Accepted Answer

Using an actual snake would provide the highest level of experimental realism as it would create a genuine fear response in participants. Pictures or videos of a snake may not be as effective at inducing fear. Visualization of a snake may not provide enough sensory stimulation to create a genuine fear response.

Question 6

Virtual reality has been used to increase _____ and helps to make a study feel as real as possible.
A) temporal precedence
B) covariation
C) experimental realism
D) internal validity

Accepted Answer

Experimental realism refers to the degree to which a study feels real to the participants, and virtual reality is a technique used to increase this feeling of realism. Temporal precedence refers to establishing that the cause (independent variable) occurred before the effect (dependent variable), covariation refers to the relationship between the two variables, and internal validity refers to the extent that the study design eliminates alternative explanations for the effects observed. Virtual reality does not necessarily address these issues.

Question 7

Valentino is a health psychologist who is working on a campaign to encourage people to take the stairs instead of the elevator.He places posters in the elevators in his building.In one location the posters highlight the negative consequences of taking the elevator.In another location,the posters highlight the positive consequences of taking the stairs.He then measures how many people change their behavior at each location.What measure could Valentino include as a manipulation check?
A) a self-report of participants' typical level of physical activity
B) a questionnaire asking about the content of the poster in their location
C) informant measures of participants' activity level outside of work
D) measures of daily caloric intake

Accepted Answer

A manipulation check is a measure to ensure that the manipulation (in this case, the posters) is having the intended effect. Asking participants about the content of the poster in their location would be the best way to ensure that they were exposed to the manipulation and to assess whether the posters had the intended effect of highlighting either the negative consequences of taking the elevator or the positive consequences of taking the stairs. Self-reports of physical activity or daily caloric intake, as well as informant measures of activity level outside of work, are not directly related to the manipulation and would not serve as appropriate manipulation checks.

Question 8

_____ is a measure that helps determine whether the manipulation effectively changed (or varied)the independent variable across conditions.
A) Experimental realism
B) Effect size
C) Manipulation check
D) Random assignment

Accepted Answer

Manipulation check is a measure that helps determine whether the manipulation effectively changed (or varied) the independent variable across conditions. It is used to gauge the success of the manipulation and ensure that differences observed between conditions are due to the manipulation and not some other factor.

Question 9

_____ is the extent to which the research setting influences the participant's behavior.
A) Temporal precedence
B) Covariation
C) Internal validity
D) Experimental realism

Accepted Answer

Experimental realism refers to the degree to which a research setting and procedures are engaging and meaningful to participants, and thus affect their behavior in a way that reflects how they would behave in real life situations.

Question 10

Sacha is interested in conducting an experiment examining the impact of sleep deprivation on memory.After analyzing her results,she finds a p-value of 0.08.Based on these findings,which of the following is true?
A) Memory has a statistically significant effect on sleep deprivation.
B) Sleep deprivation has a statistically significant effect on memory.
C) Memory does not a statistically significant effect on sleep deprivation.
D) Sleep deprivation does not have a statistically significant effect on memory.

Accepted Answer

A p-value of 0.08 suggests that there is not statistically significant evidence to reject the null hypothesis that sleep deprivation does not have a significant effect on memory. Therefore, choice D is the correct answer.

Question 11

_____ is the magnitude of difference between the experimental and control groups.
A) Statistical significance
B) Effect size
C) Sample size
D) Error variance

Accepted Answer

Effect size is the magnitude of difference between the experimental and control groups. Statistical significance refers to the probability of obtaining the results by chance, sample size refers to the number of participants in the study, and error variance refers to the amount of variability in the data that cannot be attributed to the independent variable.

Question 12

To answer a research question,one must accomplish each of the following tasks,EXCEPT:
A) make sure groups are similar on variables that may provide alternate explanations.
B) determine that an experiment is the only appropriate way to examine the hypothesis.
C) test the hypothesis.
D) make sure the manipulation was effective.

Accepted Answer

While experiments are a popular way to test hypotheses, they are not always the only appropriate way. Other research designs such as surveys, correlational studies or case studies may also be used depending on the research question and the available resources. Therefore, determining that an experiment is the only appropriate way to test the hypothesis is not necessary.

Question 13

Confederates can be used to increase:
A) effect size.
B) independence.
C) experimental control.
D) covariation.

Accepted Answer

Confederates are actors employed by the researcher to play a specific role in the experiment. Their behavior is controlled by the researcher, which increases experimental control by ensuring that all participants receive a standardized treatment or experience. This helps in isolating the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable.

Question 14

Veronica was thrilled to discover that her experimental manipulation resulted in a significant difference between conditions.Now,she is interested in knowing about the magnitude of the difference between the groups.To determine this,she should look at which of the following?
A) p-value
B) t-value
C) degrees of freedom
D) effect size d

Accepted Answer

The effect size d is the best indicator of the magnitude of the difference between the groups. The p-value indicates the probability of observing the results by chance alone, the t-value is used to calculate the p-value and the degrees of freedom are used in the calculation of the t-value. However, none of these measures provide information about the magnitude of the difference between the groups.

Question 15

Luciana believes that practice makes perfect.To empirically test her belief,she conducts a study with two conditions.In one condition participants are asked to memorize a list of words after reviewing them only once.In another condition,they are asked to memorize a list of words,but are allowed to review them four times before being tested.If the results of her independent samples t-test revealed: t(50)= 5.07,p = .00,d = .73,what conclusion can she draw?
A) She is correct,practice does lead to better performance.
B) She is incorrect,practice does not lead to better performance.
C) There is no relationship between practice and performance.
D) She is incorrect,practice leads to worse performance.

Accepted Answer

The p-value is less than .05, indicating that the difference in performance between the two conditions is statistically significant. The effect size (d = .73) indicates a moderate to large difference in performance between the two conditions, suggesting that practicing four times led to better performance than practicing only once. Therefore, Luciana's belief that practice makes perfect is supported by the results of her study.

Question 16

For which of the following would an independent samples t-test be most appropriate?
A) examining the performance difference between participants who took a SAT preparation class and participants who did not
B) investigating psychological adjustment following the loss of a loved one
C) a cognitive study examining the difference in three different types of memory aids
D) examining whether one's astrological sign predicts well-being

Accepted Answer

An independent samples t-test is appropriate when comparing the means of two different groups (in this case, participants who took a SAT preparation class and participants who did not).

Question 17

Researcher notes are important because they do each of the following,EXCEPT:
A) minimize alternative explanations.
B) document abnormalities.
C) increase the impact of extraneous variables.
D) identify issues that arose during data collection that should be considered.

Accepted Answer

Researcher notes aim to minimize alternative explanations, document abnormalities, and identify issues that arose during data collection that should be considered. They do not increase the impact of extraneous variables.

Question 18

Researcher notes are:
A) the magnitude of the difference observed between experimental and control groups.
B) a collection of comments that document any abnormalities that occurred during the study.
C) a record of the degree to which the research setting influenced participants' behavior.
D) the researcher's belief about how much the experiment resembles a real-world setting.

Accepted Answer

Researcher notes are a collection of comments that document any abnormalities that occurred during the study such as technical errors, participant behavior, and any other relevant information that could impact the study's results or conclusions.

Question 19

Kimberly wants to know whether running on a treadmill leads to more weight loss than running outside.To test this hypothesis,she randomly assigns participants to either run on a treadmill or run on an outdoor trail.She then measures their weight loss.Would it be appropriate for her to analyze her data using an independent samples t-test?
A) No,because she is measuring a naturally occurring relationship.
B) Perhaps,but only if she has an adequate number of participants.
C) No,because she fails to manipulate the independent variable.
D) Yes,because this is a two-group experimental design.

Accepted Answer

Yes, it is appropriate to analyze the data using an independent samples t-test because she has randomly assigned participants to either run on a treadmill or run on an outdoor trail, which is a two-group experimental design. The independent variable is manipulated by assigning participants to either group.

Question 20

Gustave is testing whether participants are more likely to comply with a request from an individual wearing a uniform than from someone in more casual clothes.Which of the following questions would be an appropriate manipulation check for his study?
A) Did someone ask you for a request?
B) What did the requester ask you to do?
C) How did you feel in response to the request?
D) What was the requester wearing?

Accepted Answer

The best manipulation check for Gustave's study would be to ask the participants what the requester was wearing, as this is the variable he is manipulating. The other options (A, B, and C) are not related to the variable being manipulated, and therefore would not be effective manipulation checks.

Quiz 8: B: Two-Group Design: Texting: I Cant Get You Out of My Mind

The independent samples t-test compares:

The effect size is the:

Charles works at a newspaper as a fact-checker.His job is to verify claims to ensure that any conclusions made by the reporters are,in fact,correct.Charles is the metaphorical _____ of the newspaper.

Isabel would like for her experiment to have as much experimental realism as possible.Accordingly,when examining the impact of fear on memory,she uses _____ to induce participants' fear.

Virtual reality has been used to increase _____ and helps to make a study feel as real as possible.

_____ is a measure that helps determine whether the manipulation effectively changed (or varied) the independent variable across conditions.

_____ is the extent to which the research setting influences the participant's behavior.

Sacha is interested in conducting an experiment examining the impact of sleep deprivation on memory.After analyzing her results,she finds a p-value of 0.08.Based on these findings,which of the following is true?

_____ is the magnitude of difference between the experimental and control groups.

To answer a research question,one must accomplish each of the following tasks,EXCEPT:

Confederates can be used to increase:

Veronica was thrilled to discover that her experimental manipulation resulted in a significant difference between conditions.Now,she is interested in knowing about the magnitude of the difference between the groups.To determine this,she should look at which of the following?

For which of the following would an independent samples t-test be most appropriate?

Researcher notes are important because they do each of the following,EXCEPT:

Researcher notes are:

Gustave is testing whether participants are more likely to comply with a request from an individual wearing a uniform than from someone in more casual clothes.Which of the following questions would be an appropriate manipulation check for his study?