Question 1

Which cognitive theorist emphasized the cultural context?
A) Piaget
B) Vygotsky
C) Maslow
D) Erikson

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky emphasized the cultural context in his theory of sociocultural development, which emphasizes the role of culture and social interactions in cognitive development. He believed that learning occurs through social interactions and that cultural tools such as language, symbols, and artifacts are important for cognitive development. In contrast, while Piaget also recognized the importance of culture, his theory focused more on individual cognitive development and the stages of cognitive development that individuals go through. Maslow and Erikson were not cognitive theorists and did not focus on cognitive development or the cultural context.

Question 2

Approaches to toilet training have changed over time. At one point, it was suggested that parents toilet-train whenever they wished, using reinforcement as part of the training. This view is most consistent with _____.
A) psychoanalytic theory
B) cognitive theory
C) behaviorism
D) information-processing theory

Accepted Answer

The suggestion to use reinforcement as part of the toilet training process aligns with the principles of behaviorism, which emphasizes the role of environmental stimuli and consequences in shaping behavior.

Question 3

Which of the following neuroimaging techniques is almost impossible to use with children?
A) fMRI
B) EEG
C) PET
D) fNIRS

Accepted Answer

PET (Positron Emission Tomography) requires injection of a radioactive substance which can be dangerous for children. Hence, it is almost impossible to use with children.

Question 4

Vygotsky used the term _____ to describe how cognition is stimulated and developed in people by more skilled members of society.
A) zone of proximal development
B) guided participation
C) apprenticeship in thinking
D) selective adaptation

Accepted Answer

The answer of Vygotsky used the term _____ to describe...

Question 5

The idea that human development results from the dynamic interaction between developing persons and their surrounding society is the central thesis of _____ theory.
A) information-processing
B) sociocultural
C) evolutionary
D) cognitive

Accepted Answer

The central thesis of the sociocultural theory, as proposed by Lev Vygotsky, is that human development is a result of the dynamic interaction between developing individuals and their surrounding society, including the cultural beliefs, values, and practices that are transmitted through socialization. Information-processing theory focuses on how individuals acquire, store, and use information, while cognitive theory is concerned with mental processes such as perception, attention, memory, and problem-solving. Evolutionary theory explains development in terms of genetic, biological, and environmental factors that have influenced human evolution over time.

Question 6

In order to understand the emotions, impulses, and habits of humans over the life span, it is important to understand how those same emotions, impulses, and habits developed within Homo sapiens over the past 100,000 years. This concept is consistent with _____ theory.
A) psychoanalytic
B) sociocultural
C) information-processing
D) evolutionary

Accepted Answer

The theory that emphasizes the importance of understanding evolutionary processes and how they have shaped human behavior and development over time is called evolutionary theory. Therefore, the best choice is D, as it specifically refers to the importance of understanding human behavior and development in terms of evolutionary processes.

Question 7

Which of the following questions would be addressed by an evolutionary theorist?
A) At what age do adolescents initiate sexual activity?
B) How does social media affect self-esteem in young people?
C) Why do pregnant women have morning sickness?
D) What risk factors are associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease in late adulthood?

Accepted Answer

An evolutionary theorist would be interested in understanding the evolutionary basis for morning sickness in pregnant women, as it has been hypothesized to be an adaptive response that protects the developing fetus from harmful toxins and pathogens. The other options are not directly related to evolutionary theory.

Question 8

Approaches to toilet training have changed over time. At one point, it was suggested to parents to postpone toilet training until the child was at least a year old to avoid serious personality problems later on. This view is most consistent with _____.
A) psychoanalytic theory
B) cognitive theory
C) behaviorism
D) information-processing theory

Accepted Answer

The suggestion to postpone toilet training to avoid personality problems later on aligns with psychoanalytic theory, which emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences on personality development.

Question 9

According to evolutionary theory, why are so many people afraid of snakes?
A) because of daily life-threatening experiences
B) because of unconscious memories of childhood experiences with spiders
C) because they have learned by watching others react with fear to spiders
D) because a fear of snakes helped our ancient ancestors survive

Accepted Answer

According to evolutionary theory, humans developed a fear of snakes as a survival mechanism. Our ancient ancestors who were more cautious and afraid of snakes were more likely to survive and pass on this trait, while those who were not afraid of snakes were more likely to be bitten and die. This fear of snakes has been ingrained in our genetic makeup and has been passed down through generations.

Question 10

Vygotsky used the term _____ to describe the method used by parents, teachers, and entire societies to teach novices the skills and habits expected within their culture.
A) zone of proximal development
B) guided participation
C) apprenticeship in thinking
D) selective adaptation

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky used the term guided participation to describe the method used by parents, teachers, and entire societies to teach novices the skills and habits expected within their culture. The term describes the process in which an expert in a particular field provides support and guidance to a novice as they learn and develop the necessary skills to eventually become experts themselves. This method is critical in helping individuals acquire the skills and knowledge necessary to function successfully within a particular culture.

Question 11

Dr. House is a neurologist who evaluates individuals who have experienced brain injuries or have suspected brain damage. Dr. House often has his patients undergo testing that allows measurement of myelin, neurons, and fluid in the brain. Dr. House utilizes _____ with his patients.
A) PET
B) DTI
C) EEG
D) MRI

Accepted Answer

MRI is a medical imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues in your body. It is often used to diagnose and monitor brain injuries and damage.

Question 12

According to Vygotsky, the skills, knowledge, and concepts that the learner is close to acquiring but cannot yet master without help is referred to as "_____."
A) the zone of proximal development
B) guided participation
C) operant conditioning
D) selective adaptation

Accepted Answer

According to Vygotsky's theory, the skills, knowledge, and concepts that a learner is close to acquiring but cannot yet master without help is referred to as the "zone of proximal development." This concept refers to the difference between what a learner can do independently and what they can potentially achieve with the guidance and support of a more knowledgeable other, such as a teacher or peer. Choices B, C, and D are not correct because they do not align with Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development.

Question 13

Newer theories, unlike grand theories, are multicultural and multidisciplinary. _____ theory, for example, draws on anthropology.
A) Psychoanalytic
B) Information-processing
C) Evolutionary
D) Sociocultural

Accepted Answer

The clue "multicultural and multidisciplinary" suggests that the theory being referred to is sociocultural, which indeed draws on anthropology and other social sciences to understanding human behavior and development in different cultural contexts. A is a grand theory that focuses on the unconscious mind and childhood experiences, while B is a newer theory that emphasizes how information is processed in the brain. C is an evolutionary theory that explores the adaptive functions of behavior and cognition over time.

Question 14

Sociocultural theory is _____.
A) active
B) passive
C) unidirectional
D) outdated

Accepted Answer

Sociocultural theory emphasizes the active role of individuals and their social and cultural surroundings in shaping their development and behavior.

Question 15

According to Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development, a mentor must avoid two opposite dangers: _____.
A) fear and anger
B) boredom and failure
C) shame and doubt
D) competition and punishment

Accepted Answer

The zone of proximal development (ZPD) refers to the difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can achieve with guidance. A mentor should avoid boredom, which occurs when tasks are too easy, and failure, which occurs when tasks are too difficult, to effectively support learning within the ZPD.

Question 16

Sally is helping her mom make a cake. Her mom helps her pick out the right ingredients, measure them, and mix them together. According to Vygotsky, Sally is engaging in _____.
A) modeling
B) guided participation
C) operant conditioning
D) selective adaptation

Accepted Answer

Guided participation is a key concept in Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of cognitive development, which involves a more knowledgeable individual guiding and supporting a less knowledgeable individual to engage in a cognitive activity they could not do alone. In this scenario, Sally's mother is providing guidance and support to Sally as they make a cake together. Choices A, C, and D do not accurately describe the concept of guided participation.

Question 17

_____ is a test that is used by clinicians who want to individualize treatment and monitor progress.
A) PET
B) DTI
C) fNIRS
D) ERP

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ is a test that is used...

Question 18

Different theories and diverse parental practices are associated with toilet training. According to the text, which is the best method for toilet training?
A) It is best to start to toilet-train children before they turn 1 year old.
B) Using reinforcements for toilet training works for all children.
C) Children should decide when they want to be toilet-trained.
D) There is no single best strategy for toilet training all children.

Accepted Answer

The text explicitly states that there is no single best strategy for toilet training all children, indicating that a variety of methods may work depending on the child's individual needs and development.

Question 19

Neuroscientists have discovered that the _____ is not completely connected to the rest of the brain until about age 25.
A) hippocampus
B) prefrontal cortex
C) amygdala
D) brain stem

Accepted Answer

The prefrontal cortex is the part of the brain responsible for decision-making, impulse control, and planning. It is not fully developed or connected to the rest of the brain until around age 25, which may explain why younger adults may struggle with decision-making and impulse control.

Question 20

Baby Elijah is participating in a study in which scientists are examining areas of the brain that are activated when they are exposed to music, speech, and random noise. This test, called _____, requires the individual to be fitted with a special cap connected to electrodes.
A) fNIRS
B) DTI
C) fMRI
D) PET

Accepted Answer

The test described is likely functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), which involves using a cap with electrodes to measure brain activity, particularly in response to stimuli like music, speech, and noise.

Quiz 2: Theories of Development

Which cognitive theorist emphasized the cultural context?

Approaches to toilet training have changed over time. At one point, it was suggested that parents toilet-train whenever they wished, using reinforcement as part of the training. This view is most consistent with _____.

Which of the following neuroimaging techniques is almost impossible to use with children?

Vygotsky used the term _____ to describe how cognition is stimulated and developed in people by more skilled members of society.

The idea that human development results from the dynamic interaction between developing persons and their surrounding society is the central thesis of _____ theory.

In order to understand the emotions, impulses, and habits of humans over the life span, it is important to understand how those same emotions, impulses, and habits developed within Homo sapiens over the past 100,000 years. This concept is consistent with _____ theory.

Which of the following questions would be addressed by an evolutionary theorist?

Approaches to toilet training have changed over time. At one point, it was suggested to parents to postpone toilet training until the child was at least a year old to avoid serious personality problems later on. This view is most consistent with _____.

According to evolutionary theory, why are so many people afraid of snakes?

Vygotsky used the term _____ to describe the method used by parents, teachers, and entire societies to teach novices the skills and habits expected within their culture.

Dr. House is a neurologist who evaluates individuals who have experienced brain injuries or have suspected brain damage. Dr. House often has his patients undergo testing that allows measurement of myelin, neurons, and fluid in the brain. Dr. House utilizes _____ with his patients.

According to Vygotsky, the skills, knowledge, and concepts that the learner is close to acquiring but cannot yet master without help is referred to as "_____."

Newer theories, unlike grand theories, are multicultural and multidisciplinary. _____ theory, for example, draws on anthropology.

Sociocultural theory is _____.

According to Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development, a mentor must avoid two opposite dangers: _____.

Sally is helping her mom make a cake. Her mom helps her pick out the right ingredients, measure them, and mix them together. According to Vygotsky, Sally is engaging in _____.

_____ is a test that is used by clinicians who want to individualize treatment and monitor progress.

Different theories and diverse parental practices are associated with toilet training. According to the text, which is the best method for toilet training?

Neuroscientists have discovered that the _____ is not completely connected to the rest of the brain until about age 25.

Baby Elijah is participating in a study in which scientists are examining areas of the brain that are activated when they are exposed to music, speech, and random noise. This test, called _____, requires the individual to be fitted with a special cap connected to electrodes.