Question 1

If you decide to train for a marathon, and after completing the marathon, underestimate your level of fitness before you began training, which of the following theories best describes this misperception?
A) Cognitive dissonance theories
B) Implicit theory
C) Self-categorization theories
D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Implicit theory best describes this misperception as it deals with people's beliefs about the nature of a personal trait, ability, or skill. In this case, the individual underestimated their level of fitness (personal trait/ability) before starting the marathon training. The other theories are not directly related to this specific misperception.

Question 2

Selective learning and memory for attitude-consistent information was one of the first questions in attitude research. Which concept yielded "unambiguously inconclusive evidence"?
A) Selective learning for attitude consistency
B) Attitude-relevant memory
C) All of the above
D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Selective learning and memory for attitude-consistent information...

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the situation in which the group decision ends up being riskier than the average of the individual decisions?
A) Risky shift
B) Group polarization
C) All of the above
D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

Both "Risky shift" and "Group polarization" describe phenomena where group decisions can end up being more extreme, including riskier, than the decisions made by individuals on their own. "Risky shift" specifically refers to the tendency for groups to make riskier decisions, while "Group polarization" refers to the general tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme in the same direction as the initial inclination of the members.

Question 4

A great deal of research has examined group polarization; which of the following has been shown to best explain this phenomenon?
A) Diffusion of responsibility
B) Risk as a value
C) Normative influences
D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of A great deal of research has examined...

Question 5

Which of the following is described in the text as the ultimate in value-expressive function, possibly explaining why compromise can seem unthinkable between socio-cultural populations?
A) Strength
B) Ideology
C) Conviction
D) Importance
.

Accepted Answer

Ideology is described as the ultimate in value-expressive function, which can make compromise seem unthinkable between socio-cultural populations because it deeply reflects the values and beliefs that individuals or groups hold.

Question 6

According to the text, dual attitudes comprise an older, automatic attitude and a newer attitude that is explicitly accessible in memory. Which attitude predominates depends on which of the following?
A) The number of cognitive unites that comprise each attitude
B) The number of recall cues available at the time of retrieval
C) The method of expression
D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

The method of expression determines which attitude predominates, as automatic attitudes are more likely to influence spontaneous behaviors, while explicit attitudes are more likely to influence deliberate behaviors.

Question 7

Which of the following populations has been shown to engage in phenomenon known as spreading the alternatives?
A) East Asians
B) European Americans
C) Europeans
D) Both B and C

Accepted Answer

Both European Americans and Europeans have been shown to engage in spreading the alternatives, which is the tendency to rate the options in a choice set closer together when there are more choices available. East Asians have not been consistently found to engage in this phenomenon.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes people who are especially likely to appeal selectively to their long-term values to justify their attitudes, to rely more heavily on appeals to important values, and to pay more attention to expert sources because they presumably provide reliable, value-relevant information?
A) Low self-monitors
B) High self-monitors
C) Internalists
D) Self-identifiers

Accepted Answer

Low self-monitors are more likely to rely on their internal values and beliefs to guide their attitudes and behaviors, making them more inclined to appeal to long-term values and expert sources that align with those values.

Quiz 9: Section 1 : Cognitive Structures of Attitudes

If you decide to train for a marathon, and after completing the marathon, underestimate your level of fitness before you began training, which of the following theories best describes this misperception?

Selective learning and memory for attitude-consistent information was one of the first questions in attitude research. Which concept yielded "unambiguously inconclusive evidence"?

Which of the following best describes the situation in which the group decision ends up being riskier than the average of the individual decisions?

A great deal of research has examined group polarization; which of the following has been shown to best explain this phenomenon?

Which of the following is described in the text as the ultimate in value-expressive function, possibly explaining why compromise can seem unthinkable between socio-cultural populations?

According to the text, dual attitudes comprise an older, automatic attitude and a newer attitude that is explicitly accessible in memory. Which attitude predominates depends on which of the following?

Which of the following populations has been shown to engage in phenomenon known as spreading the alternatives?