Question 1

Using a _____ is an example of an object substitution.
A) scale model of a room to show where a toy is hidden in a larger room
B) toy backhoe, rather than a toy dump truck, to haul blocks
C) play stove to cook pretend broccoli cheese soup
D) a bowl as a magician's hat

Accepted Answer

Using a bowl as a magician's hat is an example of object substitution, as the bowl is not actually a hat but is being used as a substitute for one.

Question 2

Tina, a 3-year-old, is shown a Cheerios box and then shown that it contains marbles. If asked what her friend Mark will think on seeing the box for the first time, Tina will MOST likely say that Mark will think it contains:
A) Cheerios.
B) marbles.
C) Raisin Bran.
D) beads.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Tina, a 3-year-old, is shown a Cheerios...

Question 3

Which statement supports the claim that children are born with a "theory of mind module"?
A) Certain areas of the brains of children with autism spectrum disorder appear to be atypically sized.
B) Preschoolers with older siblings do better on false-belief tasks than do those without older siblings.
C) General information-processing skills are essential for understanding that other people might have different knowledge than they themselves possess.
D) Children with autism spectrum disorder tend to have fewer interactions with other people than do others.

Accepted Answer

Certain areas of the brains of children with autism spectrum disorder being atypically sized suggests a biological basis for theory of mind, supporting the idea of an innate "theory of mind module."

Question 4

Which influence is NOT cited by empiricists when explaining the development of preschoolers' theory of mind from age 3 to age 5 years?
A) increasing experience with other people
B) improved information-processing capacity
C) brain maturation
D) solitary play experiences

Accepted Answer

Empiricists do not cite solitary play experiences as an influence on the development of preschoolers' theory of mind from age 3 to age 5 years. Instead, they focus on increasing experience with other people, improved information-processing capacity, and brain maturation as important factors.

Question 5

Children tend to engage in pretend play, at least occasionally, until approximately what age?
A) 3 years
B) 6 years
C) 9 years
D) 12 years

Accepted Answer

The answer of Children tend to engage in pretend play,...

Question 6

Children typically succeed on false-belief problems by the age of _____ years.
A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 8

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that children typically succeed on false-belief problems by the age of 5 years. This is because around this age, children develop a theory of mind and are able to understand that other people can have beliefs that may differ from their own.

Question 7

The existence of a TOMM is advocated by:
A) nativists.
B) empiricists.
C) neurologists.
D) nurturists.

Accepted Answer

The existence of a Theory of Mind Module (TOMM) suggests that humans are born with the innate ability to understand others' mental states, which aligns with the nativist perspective that certain cognitive abilities are hard-wired into the brain at birth.

Question 8

Jane, an 18-month-old, is pretending to put on makeup using a small block as her lipstick. Jane is:
A) demonstrating a false belief.
B) engaging in object substitution.
C) demonstrating her underdeveloped theory of mind.
D) engaging in sociodramatic play.

Accepted Answer

Jane is engaging in object substitution by using a small block as her lipstick, which is a type of symbolic play commonly seen in toddlers. She is not demonstrating false belief or her theory of mind, which are more complex cognitive abilities that typically develop later in childhood. While sociodramatic play may also be a possibility, the given scenario does not provide enough information to determine whether Jane is playing with others or by herself.

Question 9

Children with autism spectrum disorder do NOT have trouble:
A) showing concern for people when they are distressed.
B) interacting with other people.
C) with false-belief problems.
D) spending time by themselves.

Accepted Answer

Children with autism spectrum disorder often prefer spending time by themselves and may not seek out social interactions as much as neurotypical children do.

Question 10

Which scenario is an example of sociodramatic play?
A) Alvaro is playing school with his brother, and Alvaro is the teacher.
B) Fiona is holding a play phone to her ear and saying, "Hello?"
C) Sander is dressed up as a ghost for Halloween.
D) Beatrice is putting a plate on her head and saying, "See my hat?"

Accepted Answer

Sociodramatic play typically involves role-playing and taking on different characters or roles, which is exactly what Alvaro and his brother are doing as they play school. Fiona's play phone and Sander's Halloween costume may involve imagination and pretend play, but they don't necessarily involve taking on different roles or characters like sociodramatic play does. Beatrice's play with the plate on her head may involve imagination and creativity, but it also doesn't involve the same type of role-playing as sociodramatic play.

Question 11

The development of a theory of mind is severely impaired for:
A) only children.
B) children with autism spectrum disorder.
C) children with imaginary friends.
D) first- born children.

Accepted Answer

Children with autism spectrum disorder often have difficulty understanding their own thoughts and emotions as well as those of others, which can lead to challenges in developing a theory of mind.

Question 12

On false-belief problems, children who do not yet have a complete understanding of the relation between their own beliefs and others' beliefs:
A) have difficulty understanding that other people could have false beliefs when they themselves know the truth.
B) have difficulty understanding that other people could know the truth when they themselves have false beliefs.
C) believe that others will not be convinced of the truth.
D) believe that others will be difficult to fool.

Accepted Answer

Children who do not yet have a complete understanding of the relation between their own beliefs and others' beliefs have difficulty understanding that other people could have false beliefs when they themselves know the truth. This is known as the false-belief problem, where children are unable to understand that someone else can hold a belief that differs from their own, resulting in incorrect expectations of others' behavior.

Question 13

Which list places the types of play in a typical developmental progression?
A) object substitution, sociodramatic play, pretend play
B) sociodramatic play, object substitution, pretend play
C) pretend play, object substitution, sociodramatic play
D) object substitution, pretend play, sociodramatic play

Accepted Answer

Pretend play typically comes first, as young children begin to use objects in a symbolic manner. Object substitution involves using one object to represent another, which is a more complex form of symbolic play. Sociodramatic play involves taking on roles and interacting with others in a pretend scenario and is typically the most advanced form of play. Therefore, the correct order is pretend play, object substitution, and then sociodramatic play.

Question 14

Pretend play emerges at about the age of _____; sociodramatic play emerges at about the age of _____.
A) 1 year; 2.5 years
B) 1 year; 18 months
C) 18 months; 2.5 years
D) 2.5 years; 4 years

Accepted Answer

Pretend play typically emerges around 18 months of age, while sociodramatic play (play that involves others and creates a shared scenario or plot) typically emerges around 2.5 years of age. Option A and B are incorrect because pretend play does not typically emerge at 1 year of age. Option D is incorrect because sociodramatic play usually emerges earlier than 4 years of age.

Question 15

Amelia, a 5-year-old, is told a story about a girl named Brenda. Brenda is looking for her favourite doll. Although Brenda thinks the doll is under the bed, it really is in the kitchen cabinet. When Amelia is asked where Brenda will look for her doll, Amelia will MOST likely predict that Brenda will look in which location(s)?
A) under the bed
B) in the kitchen cabinet
C) in the garage
D) both under the bed and in the kitchen cabinet

Accepted Answer

Amelia will most likely predict that Brenda will look for her doll where she thinks it is, which is under the bed. Amelia may not have enough information or understanding to predict that Brenda will look in the kitchen cabinet, especially if it was not mentioned in the story where the doll was found.

Question 16

Harry, a 3-year-old, is shown a raisin box and then is shown that the box contains pennies. If asked what he had thought the box contained before being shown its true contents, Harry will MOST likely say he had thought it contained:
A) raisins.
B) pennies.
C) popcorn.
D) quarters.

Accepted Answer

At the age of 3, children are typically in the preoperational stage of cognitive development, according to Jean Piaget. They have not yet mastered the concept of conservation and struggle with taking the perspective of others, a limitation known as egocentrism. Therefore, Harry is likely to project his current state of knowledge backward and claim he thought the box contained pennies all along, not understanding that his belief could have been different before being shown the box's contents.

Question 17

Children who fail at false-belief problems do NOT understand:
A) the relation between beliefs and actions.
B) how other people's desires can be different from their own.
C) the difference between what is true and what is false.
D) that others can hold an incorrect belief when they themselves know the truth.

Accepted Answer

Children who fail at false-belief problems typically do not understand that others can hold beliefs that are incorrect or different from their own knowledge of the truth.

Question 18

False-belief problems examine children's understanding of the relation between:
A) their own beliefs and actions.
B) others' desires and beliefs.
C) others' beliefs and actions.
D) the objective facts and others' actions.

Accepted Answer

False-belief problems ask children to understand that someone else can hold a belief that is not true, leading to actions that are inappropriate or incorrect based on that false belief. This requires children to understand the relationship between others' beliefs and actions, making choice C the correct answer. Choices A and B are related to theory of mind and understanding others' mental states, but do not specifically address false beliefs. Choice D focuses on objective facts and others' actions, but does not consider beliefs.

Question 19

Which statement about play is TRUE?
A) Pretend play is a type of object substitution.
B) Pretend play is a type of sociodramatic play.
C) Object substitution is a type of sociodramatic play.
D) Sociodramatic play is a type of pretend play.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which statement about play is TRUE?
A) Pretend...

Question 20

Which statement BEST characterizes the findings of cross-cultural research on children's understanding of false beliefs?
A) The pattern of development is very consistent across cultures.
B) Children in Western cultures develop the understanding earlier than do children in Eastern cultures.
C) Children in Western cultures develop the understanding later than do children in Eastern cultures.
D) Children in developed countries develop the understanding earlier than do children in developing countries.

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural research has shown that the developmental pattern of understanding false beliefs is quite consistent across different cultures, indicating that this aspect of cognitive development is universal rather than culture-specific.

Quiz 7: Conceptual Development

Using a _____ is an example of an object substitution.

Tina, a 3-year-old, is shown a Cheerios box and then shown that it contains marbles. If asked what her friend Mark will think on seeing the box for the first time, Tina will MOST likely say that Mark will think it contains:

Which statement supports the claim that children are born with a "theory of mind module"?

Which influence is NOT cited by empiricists when explaining the development of preschoolers' theory of mind from age 3 to age 5 years?

Children tend to engage in pretend play, at least occasionally, until approximately what age?

Children typically succeed on false-belief problems by the age of _____ years.

The existence of a TOMM is advocated by:

Jane, an 18-month-old, is pretending to put on makeup using a small block as her lipstick. Jane is:

Children with autism spectrum disorder do NOT have trouble:

Which scenario is an example of sociodramatic play?

The development of a theory of mind is severely impaired for:

On false-belief problems, children who do not yet have a complete understanding of the relation between their own beliefs and others' beliefs:

Which list places the types of play in a typical developmental progression?

Pretend play emerges at about the age of _; sociodramatic play emerges at about the age of _.

Harry, a 3-year-old, is shown a raisin box and then is shown that the box contains pennies. If asked what he had thought the box contained before being shown its true contents, Harry will MOST likely say he had thought it contained:

Children who fail at false-belief problems do NOT understand:

False-belief problems examine children's understanding of the relation between:

Which statement about play is TRUE?

Which statement BEST characterizes the findings of cross-cultural research on children's understanding of false beliefs?