Question 1

________ is a test statistic that measures the association between two ordinal-level variables.It makes an adjustment for ties and is most appropriate when the table of variables is not square but a rectangle.
A) Tau b
B) Gamma
C) Symmetric lambda
D) Tau c

Accepted Answer

Tau c is a test statistic that measures the association between two ordinal-level variables, making adjustments for ties, and is suitable for rectangular tables.

Question 2

The ________ is a statistic that assumes that the variable has a symmetric bell-shaped distribution and the mean is known (or assumed to be known)and the population variance is estimated from the sample.
A) z statistic
B) F statistic
C) t statistic
D) none of the above

Accepted Answer

The description provided fits the t-statistic, which is used to test hypotheses about population means when the sample size is small and/or the population standard deviation is unknown. The z-statistic assumes a known population standard deviation and is appropriate when the sample size is large. The F-statistic is used in ANOVA to test for differences in means between multiple groups. None of the above is not a valid answer as one of the answer choices must be correct.

Question 3

________ is a measure of the percentage improvement in predicting the value of the dependent variable,given the value of the independent variable in contingency table analysis.
A) Symmetric lambda
B) Tau b
C) Asymmetric lambda
D) Tau c

Accepted Answer

Asymmetric lambda is a measure of the percentage improvement in predicting the value of the dependent variable, given the value of the independent variable in contingency table analysis. Therefore, option C is the best choice. The other options, Symmetric lambda, Tau b, and Tau c, are also used in contingency table analysis but they do not specifically measure the percentage improvement in predicting the dependent variable.

Question 4

________ is an average of the two asymmetric lambda values.It does not make an assumption about which variable is dependent.
A) Tau c
B) Gamma
C) Tau b
D) Symmetric lambda

Accepted Answer

Symmetric lambda is defined as the average of the two asymmetric lambda values and it does not make any assumptions about which variable is dependent, thus making it a suitable choice for modeling bidirectional relationships between variables.

Question 5

The ________ is a skewed distribution whose shape depends solely on the number of degrees of freedom.As the number of degrees of freedom increases,the distribution becomes more symmetrical.
A) F distribution
B) chi-square distribution
C) t distribution
D) frequency distribution

Accepted Answer

The chi-square distribution is skewed and its shape depends on the degrees of freedom. As the degrees of freedom increase, it becomes more symmetrical.

Question 6

________ are hypothesis testing procedures that assume that the variables are measured on a nominal or ordinal scale.
A) Nonparametric tests
B) Parameter tests
C) Parametric tests
D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

Nonparametric tests do not assume any specific distribution of the data and do not require interval or ratio level measurements. Instead, they are designed to compare categorical or non-numerical data, such as nominal or ordinal variables. Parameter tests, on the other hand, assume that the data is normally distributed and require interval or ratio level measurements. Parametric tests are another name for parameter tests.

Question 7

The ________ is a symmetric bell-shaped distribution that is useful for small sample (n < 30)testing.
A) frequency distribution
B) F distribution
C) t distribution
D) chi-square distribution

Accepted Answer

The t distribution is specifically designed for small sample size (n < 30) testing and has a symmetric bell-shaped distribution. The F distribution is used for testing variances, and the chi-square distribution is used for testing independence of categorical variables. A frequency distribution is not a statistical distribution but rather a way of organizing data.

Question 8

The ________ is used as a measure of the strength of association in the special case of a table with two rows and two columns (a 2 × 2 table).
A) Cramer's V
B) chi-square coefficient
C) phi coefficient
D) contingency coefficient

Accepted Answer

The phi coefficient is the measure of association used in the special case of a 2×2 table. Cramer's V, chi-square coefficient, and contingency coefficient are all measures of association used in larger contingency tables with more than two rows and two columns.

Question 9

________ is a modified version of the phi correlation coefficient,Φ.
A) Asymmetric lambda
B) coefficient of variation
C) Chi-square statistic
D) Cramer's V

Accepted Answer

Cramer's V is a modified version of the phi correlation coefficient that is used for larger contingency tables. It is better suited than Phi for larger tables since Phi's values do not increase monotonically with table size. Therefore, the best choice to replace Phi in larger tables is Cramer's V.

Question 10

________ is a test statistic that measures the association between two ordinal-level variables.It makes an adjustment for ties and is most appropriate when the table of variable is square.
A) Symmetric lambda
B) Gamma
C) Tau c
D) Tau b

Accepted Answer

Tau b is a test statistic that measures the association between two ordinal-level variables, adjusts for ties, and is most appropriate for square tables.

Question 11

Which statement is not related to statistics associated with cross-tabulation?
A) Generally,the strength of association is of interest only if the association is statistically significant.
B) The statistical significance of the observed association is commonly measured by the chi-square statistic.
C) The strength of association can be measured by the phi correlation coefficient,the contingency coefficient,Cramer's V,and the lambda coefficient.
D) The t test could be conducted on the mean of one sample or two samples of observations.

Accepted Answer

The statement about conducting a t test on the mean of one or two samples is not related to cross-tabulation and is more related to hypothesis testing and inferential statistics. The other statements are directly related to measuring the strength and significance of the association between categorical variables in a cross-tabulation.

Question 12

________ is a measure of the strength of association used in tables larger than 2 × 2.
A) Cramer's V
B) coefficient of variation
C) Chi-square coefficient
D) Phi coefficient

Accepted Answer

Cramer's V is a measure of the strength of association used in tables larger than 2 × 2. It is calculated using the chi-squared test statistic and takes into account the number of rows and columns in the table. Choice A is the best choice as it directly addresses the question asked. Coefficient of variation is a measure of variability and is not used to measure association in tables. Chi-square coefficient and Phi coefficient are both measures of association, but are specifically used for 2 × 2 tables.

Question 13

________ is a test statistic that measures the association between two ordinal-level variables.It does not make an adjustment for ties.
A) Symmetric lambda
B) Tau c
C) Tau b
D) Gamma

Accepted Answer

Gamma is a test statistic that measures the association between two ordinal-level variables and does not make an adjustment for ties.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is not true concerning cross-tabulation?
A) Cross-tabulation examines association between variables,not causation.
B) As a general rule,there should be at least five expected observations in each cell for the statistics computed to be reliable.
C) No more than three variables can be cross-tabulated.
D) None of the above statements are untrue.

Accepted Answer

Cross-tabulation can involve more than three variables, so statement C is not true.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is not true about parametric tests?
A) The t statistic assumes that the variable is normally distributed and the mean is known (or assumed to be known)and the population variance is estimated from the sample.
B) The t test is a commonly used parametric test.
C) Parametric tests are used when the independent variables are non-metric.
D) B and C are not correct.

Accepted Answer

Parametric tests are used when the independent variables are metric, not non-metric. Non-metric variables require non-parametric tests.

Question 16

________ are hypothesis testing procedures that assume that the variables of interest are measured on at least an interval scale.
A) Parametric tests
B) Parameter tests
C) Nonparametric tests
D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

Parametric tests assume a particular distribution of the population, usually normal distribution, and require interval or ratio level of measurement for variables. Examples of parametric tests include t-tests, ANOVA, and regression analysis. Nonparametric tests, on the other hand, do not require any assumptions about the underlying population distribution and can be used with nominal or ordinal level data.

Question 17

The ________ is a univariate hypothesis test using the t distribution,which is used when the standard deviation is unknown and the sample size is small.
A) paired samples test
B) t test
C) z test
D) F test

Accepted Answer

The t test is the best choice for this scenario because it is used specifically when the standard deviation is unknown and the sample size is small. The paired samples test is used when comparing means of two related samples, the z test is used when the standard deviation is known and the sample size is large, and the F test is used to compare variances of two populations.

Question 18

The ________ can be used to assess the strength of association in a table of any size.
A) coefficient of variation
B) contingency coefficient
C) phi coefficient
D) chi-square coefficient

Accepted Answer

The contingency coefficient is used to assess the strength of association in tables of any size, unlike the phi coefficient which is limited to 2x2 tables.

Question 19

Tau b,tau c,and gamma are available to measure association between two ________-level variables.
A) ordinal
B) ratio
C) nomimal
D) interval

Accepted Answer

Tau b, tau c, and gamma are all measures of association that are suitable for analyzing ordinal-level data. They are not appropriate for nominal-level data, which involves categorical variables with no inherent order, or interval/ratio-level data, which involve continuous variables with equal intervals between points on the scale. Therefore, option A, which refers to ordinal-level variables, is the best choice.

Question 20

The ________ is used to test the statistical significance of the observed association in cross-tabulation.
A) chi-square statistic
B) contingency coefficient
C) phi coefficient
D) Cramer's V

Accepted Answer

The chi-square statistic is used to test the statistical significance of the observed association in cross-tabulation. The other options (B, C, D) are measures of association, but do not provide a test of statistical significance.

Quiz 15: Frequency Distribution, cross-Tabulation, and Hypothesis Testing

________ is a test statistic that measures the association between two ordinal-level variables.It makes an adjustment for ties and is most appropriate when the table of variables is not square but a rectangle.

The ________ is a statistic that assumes that the variable has a symmetric bell-shaped distribution and the mean is known (or assumed to be known) and the population variance is estimated from the sample.

________ is a measure of the percentage improvement in predicting the value of the dependent variable,given the value of the independent variable in contingency table analysis.

________ is an average of the two asymmetric lambda values.It does not make an assumption about which variable is dependent.

The ________ is a skewed distribution whose shape depends solely on the number of degrees of freedom.As the number of degrees of freedom increases,the distribution becomes more symmetrical.

________ are hypothesis testing procedures that assume that the variables are measured on a nominal or ordinal scale.

The ________ is a symmetric bell-shaped distribution that is useful for small sample (n < 30) testing.

The ________ is used as a measure of the strength of association in the special case of a table with two rows and two columns (a 2 × 2 table) .

________ is a modified version of the phi correlation coefficient,Φ.

________ is a test statistic that measures the association between two ordinal-level variables.It makes an adjustment for ties and is most appropriate when the table of variable is square.

Which statement is not related to statistics associated with cross-tabulation?

________ is a measure of the strength of association used in tables larger than 2 × 2.

________ is a test statistic that measures the association between two ordinal-level variables.It does not make an adjustment for ties.

Which of the following statements is not true concerning cross-tabulation?

Which of the following statements is not true about parametric tests?

________ are hypothesis testing procedures that assume that the variables of interest are measured on at least an interval scale.

The ________ is a univariate hypothesis test using the t distribution,which is used when the standard deviation is unknown and the sample size is small.

The ________ can be used to assess the strength of association in a table of any size.

Tau b,tau c,and gamma are available to measure association between two ________-level variables.

The ________ is used to test the statistical significance of the observed association in cross-tabulation.