Question 1

Research has shown that beginning badminton players learned the long,short,and drive serves best when they followed a ________ schedule to practice the serves.

Accepted Answer

random

Question 2

Examination of brain activity associated with blocked and random practice provides support for:
A) The reconstruction hypothesis
B) The elaboration hypothesis
C) Both the reconstruction and elaboration hypotheses
D) None of the hypotheses associated with the contextual interference effect

Accepted Answer

Research on blocked and random practice has shown increased brain activity in regions involved in working memory and attention during random practice compared to blocked practice. This supports the elaboration hypothesis that random practice involves more cognitive processing and deeper encoding of motor skills, and the reconstruction hypothesis that the brain must reconstruct the motor skill each time it is practiced in a random order. Therefore, both hypotheses are supported by the examination of brain activity associated with blocked and random practice.

Question 3

When different levels of contextual interference during motor skill practice are compared,results typically show that:
A) A low contextual interference schedule is better during practice,but a high contextual interference schedule shows better transfer performance
B) A high contextual interference schedule is better during practice,but a low contextual interference schedule shows better transfer performance
C) Both low and high contextual interference schedules are similar during practice,but the low schedule shows better transfer performance
D) Both low and high contextual interference schedules are similar during practice,but the high schedule shows better transfer performance

Accepted Answer

DA low contextual interference schedule often results in better performance during the practice phase because it allows for focused, repetitive practice of a single skill at a time, which can make the skill easier to learn initially. However, a high contextual interference schedule, which involves practicing a variety of skills in a random order, tends to lead to better transfer performance. This is because the varied practice conditions better simulate the diverse situations and contexts in which the skill might need to be applied outside of the practice environment, enhancing the learner's ability to adapt and apply the skill in different situations.

Question 4

Goode and Magill (1986)found that a ______________ practice schedule facilitated the retention and transfer of badminton service skills.
A) Blocked
B) Random
C) Serial
D) Blocked-random combination

Accepted Answer

Goode and Magill (1986) found that a random practice schedule was more effective in facilitating the retention and transfer of badminton service skills compared to blocked practice. This is consistent with the contextual interference effect, which suggests that varying the practice of different tasks (random practice) enhances learning by requiring the learner to continually adjust and apply different strategies.

Question 5

The practice schedule that involves the lowest amount of contextual interference is the ________ practice schedule.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The practice schedule that involves the lowest...

Question 6

Which of the following situations does not support the specificity of practice hypothesis?
A) The cognitive processing characteristics required during practice
B) The environmental context characteristics of the practice experience.
C) The practice schedules used to practice multiple variations of a skill
D) The type of sensory or perceptual information available during practice

Accepted Answer

The specificity of practice hypothesis suggests that practicing a skill under specific conditions will result in better performance under those same conditions. Option C contradicts this as it involves practicing multiple variations of a skill, thus not promoting specificity. Options A, B, and D all support the specificity of practice hypothesis as they describe characteristics of practice that can affect performance in a specific context.

Question 7

Simon and Bjork (2001)found that when participants were asked to judge their performances on a retention test,participants who experienced a blocked schedule typically:
A) Accurately estimated their retention test performance
B) Overestimated their retention test performance
C) Underestimated their retention test performance
D) Made a prediction based on the type of skill they were practicing

Accepted Answer

According to the study by Simon and Bjork (2001), participants who experienced a blocked schedule tended to overestimate their retention test performance.

Question 8

When a person experiences a practice condition where the likelihood of making errors early in practice is high,transfer performance is generally:
A) Better than that of a practice condition that kept errors to a minimum
B) Worse than that of a practice condition that kept errors to a minimum
C) Not different from that of a practice condition that kept errors to a minimum
D) Like starting to practice the skill all over again

Accepted Answer

Making errors during early practice can lead to better transfer performance because it encourages deeper processing and learning from mistakes, enhancing the ability to apply skills in different contexts.

Question 9

In the contextual interference experiment by Lee and Magill,the practice schedule that yielded the same results as the random schedule was the ________ practice schedule.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the contextual interference experiment by Lee...

Question 10

According to Gentile,variable practice experiences for closed skills that involve intertribal variability should focus on varying:
A) Both regulatory and nonregulatory conditions related to performing the skill
B) The regulatory conditions related to performing the skill
C) The nonregulatory conditions related to performing the skill
D) No specific conditions associated with performing the skill

Accepted Answer

Gentile's model suggests that for closed skills with intertrial variability, both regulatory and nonregulatory conditions should be varied to enhance adaptability and performance.

Question 11

An example of a type of practice that fits well with the view that errors can benefit learning is commonly referred to as ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An example of a type of practice...

Question 12

The especial skills effect:
A) Is best accounted for by the practice variability hypothesis
B) Is best accounted for by the practice specificity hypothesis
C) Cannot be accounted for completely by the practice variability or specificity hypothesis
D) Is only seen in children

Accepted Answer

The especial skills effect refers to the phenomenon where individuals show better performance for a specific task compared to other similar tasks, even if the tasks require similar motor or cognitive skills. This effect cannot be completely explained by the practice variability or specificity hypothesis, as it suggests that practice of a variety of tasks (variability) or practice of a specific task (specificity) should improve performance across all similar tasks, rather than just one specific task. The effect has been observed in both children and adults.

Question 13

The practice schedule that involves the highest amount of contextual interference is the ________ practice schedule.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The practice schedule that involves the highest...

Question 14

For open skills,regulatory conditions:
A) Can change from one performance to another,but do not change during the movement execution
B) Can change from one performance to another and during the movement execution
C) Cannot change from one performance to another and do not change during the movement execution
D) Do not change from one performance to another

Accepted Answer

Regulatory conditions for open skills can change from one performance to another and during movement execution, as they often depend on the constantly changing environment and the actions of the opposition or other external factors. Therefore, the correct choice is B.

Question 15

Hall and colleagues (1994)demonstrated that the contextual interference effect is:
A) Applicable only in laboratory skill learning situations
B) Applicable to skilled performers
C) Not applicable to baseball skills
D) Not applicable to skilled performers

Accepted Answer

Hall and colleagues (1994) demonstrated that the contextual interference effect is applicable to skilled performers.

Question 16

The hypothesis that explains the contextual interference effect based on the argument that between-trial interference causes individuals to forget critical information encoded on the previous trial is the:
A) Action plan reconstruction hypothesis
B) Elaboration hypothesis
C) Interference hypothesis
D) Recognition schema forgetting hypothesis

Accepted Answer

The action plan reconstruction hypothesis argues that between-trial interference causes individuals to reconstruct their action plans, potentially resulting in forgetting critical information encoded on the previous trial.

Question 17

Research suggests that blocked practice consistently leads to poor performance:
A) For open skills only
B) For closed skills only
C) On transfer tests that involve novel skill variations or performance contexts
D) On retention tests

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that the blocked practice consistently leads to poor performance on transfer tests that involve novel skill variations or performance contexts. This means that while blocked practice may improve performance on initial tasks, it fails to transfer to other similar tasks, indicating lower retention and transfer of learning.

Question 18

According to Gentile's learning model,to practice an open skill it is essential to vary the ________ conditions related to the skill.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Gentile's learning model,to practice an...

Question 19

Regulatory conditions in a motor skill performance situation include:
A) Speed of a tennis ball during a rally
B) Score of a baseball game
C) Number of spectators at a game
D) Color of a pen that you need to pick up

Accepted Answer

Regulatory conditions are environmental factors that directly affect the performance of a motor skill. Speed of a tennis ball during a rally is a regulatory condition because it directly impacts the motor skill of the player. The score of a baseball game and the number of spectators at a game are not regulatory conditions as they do not directly impact the motor skill execution. The color of a pen that you need to pick up is also not a regulatory condition as it is not directly related to motor skill performance.

Question 20

The amount of contextual interference in a practice situation can be considered as a continuum ranging from low to high created by the practice schedule.Which of the following practice schedules describes a low-to-high continuum of practice schedules?
A) Blocked-Serial-Random
B) Blocked-Random-Serial
C) Serial-Random-Blocked
D) Random-Serial-Blocked

Accepted Answer

A low-to-high continuum of practice schedules progresses from a low amount of contextual interference to a high amount. The schedule that follows this progression is Blocked-Serial-Random. This schedule starts with a blocked practice where the same skill or task is repeated multiple times before moving on to a serial practice where a set of skills or tasks are practiced together before progressing to a random schedule where skills or tasks are practiced in a random order. This progressive increase in the complexity of the practice schedule allows for a gradual increase in the amount of contextual interference, leading to better retention and transfer of skills.

Quiz 16: Practice Variability and Specificity

Research has shown that beginning badminton players learned the long,short,and drive serves best when they followed a ________ schedule to practice the serves.

Examination of brain activity associated with blocked and random practice provides support for:

When different levels of contextual interference during motor skill practice are compared,results typically show that:

Goode and Magill (1986) found that a ______________ practice schedule facilitated the retention and transfer of badminton service skills.

The practice schedule that involves the lowest amount of contextual interference is the ________ practice schedule.

Which of the following situations does not support the specificity of practice hypothesis?

Simon and Bjork (2001) found that when participants were asked to judge their performances on a retention test,participants who experienced a blocked schedule typically:

When a person experiences a practice condition where the likelihood of making errors early in practice is high,transfer performance is generally:

In the contextual interference experiment by Lee and Magill,the practice schedule that yielded the same results as the random schedule was the ________ practice schedule.

According to Gentile,variable practice experiences for closed skills that involve intertribal variability should focus on varying:

An example of a type of practice that fits well with the view that errors can benefit learning is commonly referred to as ________.

The especial skills effect:

The practice schedule that involves the highest amount of contextual interference is the ________ practice schedule.

For open skills,regulatory conditions:

Hall and colleagues (1994) demonstrated that the contextual interference effect is:

The hypothesis that explains the contextual interference effect based on the argument that between-trial interference causes individuals to forget critical information encoded on the previous trial is the:

Research suggests that blocked practice consistently leads to poor performance:

According to Gentile's learning model,to practice an open skill it is essential to vary the ________ conditions related to the skill.

Regulatory conditions in a motor skill performance situation include:

The amount of contextual interference in a practice situation can be considered as a continuum ranging from low to high created by the practice schedule.Which of the following practice schedules describes a low-to-high continuum of practice schedules?