Question 1

__________ was the first person to describe learning as acquired through classical conditioning while studying the digestive process of dogs.
A)John B.Watson
B)Albert Bandura
C)B.F.Skinner
D)Ivan Pavlov

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov was the first person to describe learning as acquired through classical conditioning while studying the digestive process of dogs. He discovered that dogs salivated in anticipation of food when they heard a specific sound that had previously been associated with the presentation of food. This became known as classical conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning.

Question 2

__________ is a form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response.
A)Operant conditioning
B)Classical conditioning
C)Instrumental conditioning
D)Reinforcement conditioning

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which animals learn to associate a previously neutral stimulus (such as a bell) with another stimulus (such as food) that elicits an automatic response (such as salivation). Over time, the previously neutral stimulus can come to elicit the same response as the original stimulus. This type of learning was first studied by Ivan Pavlov, and has since been demonstrated in a wide range of animals, including humans.

Question 3

__________ occurs when we respond more strongly over time to a repeated stimulus,and __________ occurs when we respond less strongly over time to a repeated stimulus.
A)Sensitization;habituation
B)Habituation;adaptation
C)Adaptation;sensitization
D)Habituation;sensitization

Accepted Answer

Sensitization is when we respond more strongly to a repeated stimulus, while habituation is when we respond less strongly over time to a repeated stimulus.

Question 4

Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behaviour because
A)it is thought that learning changes the nerve fibre patterns in your muscles.
B)once you learn something,you will never fail to remember it or carry out the correct action.
C)it is thought that when learning occurs some part of the brain physically changes.
D)memory processes,unlike learning processes,are not permanent.

Accepted Answer

It is believed that learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior because it involves physical changes in the brain, such as the formation of new synaptic connections between neurons or the strengthening of existing ones. While there may be some forgetting over time, the overall impact of learning is enduring. Options A and B are not entirely accurate, as nerve fibre patterns in muscles are not typically thought to be involved in learning, and memory processes can sometimes be permanent. Option D is also incorrect, as memory processes can be long-lasting, even if they are not necessarily permanent.

Question 5

Three-year-old Sarah learns to associate the smell of popcorn with watching movies.This learning represents
A)classical conditioning.
B)operational learning.
C)operant conditioning.
D)observational learning.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves learning an association between two stimuli, in this case, the smell of popcorn and watching movies.

Question 6

Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries?
A)The dogs seemed to enjoy the food.
B)The assistant salivated along with the dogs when the dogs started to eat.
C)The dogs stopped salivating after seeing the assistant so many times.
D)The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov's assistant and before they got the food.

Accepted Answer

Pavlov was most intrigued by the dogs starting to salivate at the sight of his assistant, even before the food was presented. This led him to further investigate the concept of conditioned reflexes and ultimately led to his discoveries about classical conditioning.

Question 7

Normally,when food is placed in the mouth of any animal,the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion.In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning,salivation would be referred to as
A)a digestive reflux.
B)conditioned response.
C)an unconditioned response.
D)a voluntary response.

Accepted Answer

Pavlov's analysis of learning focused on classical conditioning, in which an unconditioned stimulus (like food) is paired with a neutral stimulus (like a bell), leading to the creation of a conditioned response (like salivation to the sound of the bell). In this scenario, salivation is the initial, unconditioned response to the presence of food in the mouth, and would therefore be classified as an unconditioned response.

Question 8

From an evolutionary perspective,habituation makes sense because we
A)have learned through our genetic ancestors what stimuli are important or unimportant to attend to.
B)can survive dangerous or painful situations better by habituating to them.
C)stop responding to stimuli that pose no threat but continue to respond to stimuli that are dangerous.
D)respond more to stimuli that we have repeated experiences with.

Accepted Answer

Habituation allows us to conserve energy by not responding to stimuli that are not relevant or pose no threat, while continuing to respond to stimuli that may be dangerous or require our attention. This can increase our chances of survival and is therefore beneficial from an evolutionary perspective. Option A is incorrect as genetic learning is not well established. Option B is partially correct but does not explain the evolutionary advantage of habituation. Option D is incorrect as there is no evidence to suggest that repetition enhances response to stimuli.

Question 9

Which of the following statements reflects the main argument made by the British Associationists?
A)Learning occurs by serendipity but provides a basis to understand the world and its linkages.
B)After repeatedly opening cat food with a can opener,the cat runs into the kitchen every time the can opener is used.
C)When we are talking on the phone with a friend,we also picture his or her face at the same time.
D)Classical conditioning is only successful when conditioned stimuli have common associations for all people (e.g. ,a bell as a signal).

Accepted Answer

British Associationists believed that mental processes operate by the association of ideas, such as when one idea or sensory experience triggers another related idea or image, like picturing a friend's face while talking to them on the phone.

Question 10

John has to give his cat Garfield a pill every day.He always opens up the pill bottle (which makes a popping sound)and removes one pill before giving it to Garfield,and he follows this by giving him a treat as a reward.After a while,John notices that when he opens up the pill bottle,Garfield comes running to him right away.In this example,the __________ is the conditioned stimulus.
A)sound of the pill bottle opening
B)pill-taking
C)cat running out
D)treat

Accepted Answer

The sound of the pill bottle opening has become associated with the reward (treat) for Garfield, and therefore has become a conditioned stimulus that elicits a response (Garfield running to John). The pill-taking and treat are the unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response, respectively, that led to the development of the conditioned response. The cat running out is not a stimulus, but rather a response to the conditioned stimulus.

Question 11

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original,natural stimulus is called
A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)memory linkage.
D)adaptation.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning refers to the learning process where an organism learns to associate a previously neutral stimulus with a biologically relevant stimulus, resulting in a change in behavior/response to the previously neutral stimulus. This is also known as Pavlovian conditioning, after the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov who first described this phenomenon.

Question 12

John has to give his cat Garfield a pill every day.He always opens up the pill bottle (which makes a popping sound)and removes one pill before giving it to Garfield,and he follows this by giving him a treat as a reward.After a while,John notices that when he opens up the pill bottle,Garfield comes running to him right away.In this example,the __________ is the unconditioned stimulus.
A)sound of the pill bottle opening
B)pill-taking
C)cat running out
D)treat

Accepted Answer

The treat is the unconditioned stimulus because it naturally causes Garfield to come running without any prior learning.

Question 13

John has to give his cat Garfield a pill every day.He always opens up the pill bottle (which makes a popping sound)and removes one pill before giving it to Garfield,and he follows this by giving him a treat as a reward.After a while,John notices that when he opens up the pill bottle,Garfield comes running to him right away.In this example,the __________ is the conditioned response.
A)sound of the pill bottle opening
B)pill-taking
C)cat running out
D)treat

Accepted Answer

The conditioned response is the cat running out, as Garfield has learned to associate the sound of the pill bottle opening with receiving a treat.

Question 14

__________ is any relatively permanent change in behaviour brought about by experience or practice.
A)Adaptation
B)Muscle memory
C)Memory enhancement
D)Learning

Accepted Answer

Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience or practice. Option A, adaptation, refers to adjustments that individuals make over time to better fit their environment. Option B, muscle memory, relates to a form of motor learning that involves the repetition of movements until they become automatic. Option C, memory enhancement, refers to techniques or strategies used to improve memory function, but it does not necessarily involve a change in behavior. Therefore, the best answer is D - Learning.

Question 15

Trevor is trying to study in the library and is distracted by students who are talking at nearby tables.After a while,he does not notice them and is able to concentrate on his studying.What form of learning has Trevor experienced?
A)Sensitization
B)Habituation
C)Adaptation
D)Conditioning

Accepted Answer

Trevor has experienced habituation, which is a decrease in responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated exposure. Initially, he was distracted by the talking students, but after a while, he stopped noticing them and was able to concentrate on his studying. This is an example of habituation. Sensitization is an increase in responsiveness to a stimulus after exposure and is not applicable in this situation. Adaptation generally refers to biological changes that occur over time and is not relevant to this scenario. Conditioning involves learning in which a behavior is associated with a specific consequence and is not applicable here.

Question 16

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was
A)Skinner.
B)Thorndike.
C)Pavlov.
D)Watson.

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov was the researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning through his famous experiment with dogs where he paired the sound of a bell with the presentation of food and found that the dogs eventually began to salivate at the sound of the bell alone. Skinner and Watson are known for their work in operant conditioning, while Thorndike is known for his work on the law of effect.

Question 17

One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist.However,it was discovered by a
A)physician who was studying the age at which children start to walk.
B)physiologist who was studying memory processes in monkeys.
C)physiologist who was studying digestion in dogs.
D)dog trainer who was trying to come up with the best way to reward animals for their performances in his shows.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning was discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, who was studying digestion in dogs. While conducting his experiments, Pavlov noticed that the dogs began to salivate at the sound of a bell that had previously been paired with the presentation of food. This led him to formulate the theory of classical conditioning.

Question 18

As an infant,Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor.When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat,she started to cry.This is an example of
A)instrumental learning.
B)observational learning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)habituation.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of classical conditioning, where the previous association between the doctor's white coat and the discomfort caused by the penicillin injections has elicited an emotional response (crying) to a similar stimulus (photographer's white coat).

Question 19

Discovering that habituation occurred in __________ helped to uncover the biological mechanisms of habituation and the neural basis of learning.
A)amoebas
B)fetuses
C)dogs
D)Aplysia

Accepted Answer

Aplysia is a type of sea slug that is commonly used in studies of habituation and learning due to its simple nervous system. Researchers have been able to identify specific neural changes that occur during habituation in Aplysia, which has helped to elucidate the biological basis of learning and memory.

Question 20

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?
A)Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion.
B)Pavlov was elated when his student first noticed that the dogs were salivating before tasting the food.
C)Pavlov continued his Nobel Prize-winning research on digestion after documenting conditioning.
D)Pavlov stressed the importance of speculating about the dog's feelings toward the food.

Accepted Answer

Pavlov was indeed studying salivation in dogs, but not as part of a research program on digestion. He was actually trying to study the physiology of digestion, but his focus shifted when he noticed the dogs salivating in response to cues that had been unrelated to food.

Quiz 6: D: Learning

__________ was the first person to describe learning as acquired through classical conditioning while studying the digestive process of dogs.

__________ is a form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response.

occurs when we respond more strongly over time to a repeated stimulus,and occurs when we respond less strongly over time to a repeated stimulus.

Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behaviour because

Three-year-old Sarah learns to associate the smell of popcorn with watching movies.This learning represents

Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries?

Normally,when food is placed in the mouth of any animal,the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion.In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning,salivation would be referred to as

From an evolutionary perspective,habituation makes sense because we

Which of the following statements reflects the main argument made by the British Associationists?

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original,natural stimulus is called

__________ is any relatively permanent change in behaviour brought about by experience or practice.

Trevor is trying to study in the library and is distracted by students who are talking at nearby tables.After a while,he does not notice them and is able to concentrate on his studying.What form of learning has Trevor experienced?

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was

One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist.However,it was discovered by a

As an infant,Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor.When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat,she started to cry.This is an example of

Discovering that habituation occurred in __________ helped to uncover the biological mechanisms of habituation and the neural basis of learning.

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?