Question 1

When he was younger, Tommy stacked blocks for the sheer joy of doing so. Now, Tommy only stacks blocks when he is trying to build something or when he is playing a game. The term that best describes Tommy's development is:
A) interaction
B) automaticity
C) extrinsically motivated behavior
D) functional subordination

Accepted Answer

D

Question 2

The social and cultural aspects of language use are referred to by the term:
A) grammar acquisition
B) communication
C) pragmatics
D) cultural linguistics

Accepted Answer

Pragmatics refers to the social and cultural aspects of language use, including such things as the context in which language is used, the intentions of speakers, and the interpretation of meaning beyond the literal definition of words. Grammar acquisition refers to the process of learning the rules of a language's grammar, while communication refers to the act of conveying information or expressing oneself through language. Cultural linguistics is a related field that examines the ways in which language and culture intersect and influence each other.

Question 3

Suppose you examine an ultrasound image of a fetus, who is sucking her left thumb. Generalizing from research presented in the text, what is the probability that this fetus will be left-handed at age 15?
A) about 50%
B) about 67%
C) about 85 %
D) about 100%

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that left-handedness may be determined in utero, as early as 10 weeks into pregnancy. Ultrasound studies have found that fetuses who suck their left thumbs in the womb are more likely to be left-handed later in life. However, the probability of being left-handed for these fetuses is not 100%, but rather around 67%.

Question 4

Research presented in the text suggests that playing with which of the following types of toys appears to encourage the language development the most?
A) with dolls
B) with trucks
C) with blocks
D) with guns

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research presented in the text suggests that...

Question 5

Which of the following individuals would be most likely to experience the most severe and permanent disruptions in language abilities following a brain injury?
A) an adult whose injury is to the left hemisphere of the brain
B) an adult whose injury is to the right hemisphere of the brain
C) a child whose injury is to the left hemisphere of the brain
D) a child whose injury is to the right hemisphere of the brain

Accepted Answer

Adults who sustain injuries to the left hemisphere of the brain, which is primarily responsible for language processing in most individuals, are more likely to experience severe and permanent disruptions in language abilities compared to injuries in other areas or in children, who have a greater capacity for neural plasticity and recovery.

Question 6

Larsen states that he likes to give his students just enough "hints" so that they can figure out how to solve a difficult problem with a minimum of guidance. Dr. Larsen's approach best demonstrates the concept of:
A) automaticity
B) symbolic representation
C) conservation
D) scaffolding

Accepted Answer

Dr. Larsen's approach of providing hints to his students to solve a difficult problem with a minimum of guidance best demonstrates the concept of scaffolding. Scaffolding is a teaching technique in which a teacher provides just enough support to help their students solve a problem or complete a task, without doing it for them. The goal is to gradually remove the support so that students can eventually solve the problem or complete the task independently.

Question 7

At first, Mike has to concentrate very hard when typing, thinking where each letter on the keyboard is. However, after practicing a great deal, he now types without even thinking about how his fingers are moving. The concept that best describes Mike's development is:
A) automaticity
B) lateralization
C) functional subordination
D) readiness

Accepted Answer

Automaticity is the ability to perform a task without conscious effort or attention. Mike's progression from having to concentrate and think about where each letter on the keyboard is to being able to type without even thinking about it indicates the development of automaticity in his typing skills. Therefore, choice A) automaticity is the best answer. The other choices are not applicable in this context.

Question 8

When a young child learns to help fold laundry and put clothes away, cultural information is being transmitted. According to Vygotsky's view, this is best considered to be an example of:
A) scaffolding
B) guided participation
C) social referencing
D) synchrony

Accepted Answer

Guided participation is the process by which children learn cultural values and practices from the guidance of adults or more skilled peers. In this scenario, the young child is learning how to perform domestic tasks from an adult, which is an example of guided participation. Scaffolding refers to the process by which an adult adjusts the level of support provided to a child as the child's level of competence increases, and social referencing refers to the process by which a child looks to an adult for information about how to respond in novel or uncertain situations. Synchrony refers to the coordination of behavior and emotions between a parent and child.

Question 9

Suppose that Bob is a typical 3-year-old child. By age 6, you should expect that his height will have increased by about how many inches?
A) about 4 inches
B) about 6 inches
C) about 9 inches
D) about12 inches

Accepted Answer

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the average height for a 3-year-old boy is around 37 inches, while the average height for a 6-year-old boy is around 45 inches. Therefore, the expected increase in height is about 8 inches, which is closest to choice C (about 9 inches).

Question 10

Generalizing from research presented in the text, which of the following memory strategies would most likely lead a young child to the best recall of a group of common household items:
A) remembering that the items are all stored in the same place (e.g., in the junk drawer)
B) remembering that the items all begin with the same letter (e.g., the letter "b")
C) remembering that the items are all about the same size (e.g., all the size of a baseball)
D) remembering that the items are all used for the same purpose (e.g., that they are all containers that hold things)

Accepted Answer

The answer of Generalizing from research presented in the text,...

Question 11

Which of the following is the best example of overregularization?
A) "I am a big, big girl!"
B) "No!"
C) "I breaked the cup."
D) "I love my momma."

Accepted Answer

Overregularization refers to the application of a grammatical rule in a situation where it doesn't apply. In this case, "breaked" is an incorrect past tense form of "break". Children tend to overgeneralize language rules, which can lead to errors like this.

Question 12

Laura and Ted like to play "house," a game they invented in which Laura pretends to be the "mother" and Ted the "father." In this game, Laura cooks the food on a pretend stove and Ted takes out the pretend garbage. The ability to play this game relies most directly on which cognitive ability?
A) egocentrism
B) conservation
C) reversibility
D) symbolic representation

Accepted Answer

The ability to use symbolic representation, such as pretending that a toy stove represents a real stove, is essential for playing games of make-believe like "house." Egocentrism, conservation, and reversibility are all important cognitive abilities, but they are not as directly related to this particular type of play.

Question 13

The process by which soft tissue or cartilage is transformed into bone is called:
A) calcification
B) grafting
C) cartilogenesis
D) ossification

Accepted Answer

The process by which soft tissue or cartilage is transformed into bone is called ossification. Calcification refers specifically to the deposition of calcium salts in a tissue, which can occur during ossification but also in other contexts. Grafting refers to the transfer of tissue from one individual to another, which is not necessarily related to the process of bone formation. Cartilogenesis is the process of forming cartilage, which is a precursor to bone formation but does not involve the transformation of soft tissue into bone directly.

Question 14

A child who climbs to the top of a staircase for the challenge and fun of the activity has what type of motivation?
A) intrinsic
B) extrinsic
C) egocentric
D) "out" directed

Accepted Answer

Intrinsic motivation is driven by internal factors such as personal interest and enjoyment. The child climbing the staircase for fun and challenge is motivated by their own internal desires, making it an example of intrinsic motivation.

Question 15

A child who believes that objects and people in their thoughts and dreams are real is displaying what?
A) animism
B) reification
C) egocentrism
D) paranormal cognition

Accepted Answer

Reification is the cognitive development phenomenon where a child believes that objects and people in their thoughts and dreams have a real, physical existence. This is a common phase in early childhood development, reflecting the difficulty young children have in distinguishing between reality and their internal thoughts or dreams.

Question 16

Generalizing from research conclusions presented in the text, if given the choice, would you recommend that children be raised in bilingual environment?
A) Yes
B) No, because this will limit the size of their vocabulary
C) No, because this will delay their learning to talk
D) No, because this will make them more likely to develop reading problems

Accepted Answer

The research presented in the text suggests that being raised in a bilingual environment can have numerous benefits, including enhanced cognitive abilities and a potential delay in the onset of age-related cognitive decline. None of the research presented suggests that being raised in a bilingual environment would limit a child's vocabulary, delay their learning to talk, or make them more likely to develop reading problems.

Question 17

Jacobs is describing a process by which neurons become insulated so that they can conduct neural impulses more efficiently. The process he is describing would be called:
A) lateralization
B) myelination
C) ossification
D) automation

Accepted Answer

Myelination is the process by which neurons develop a fatty sheath called myelin, which insulates the neuron and allows for more efficient conduction of neural impulses. In contrast, lateralization refers to the specialization of brain function in the left and right hemispheres, ossification refers to the hardening of bone tissue, and automation refers to the automatic execution of learned skills or behaviors.

Question 18

According to the text, the most dramatic cognitive difference between infants and 2-year-olds is in their use of:
A) animism
B) reification
C) automaticity
D) symbolic representation

Accepted Answer

The text states that the most dramatic cognitive difference between infants and 2-year-olds is in their use of symbolic representation. This refers to the ability to use words, images, and other symbols to represent objects or experiences, which marks a significant milestone in cognitive development. Animism (attributing lifelike qualities to inanimate objects), reification (treating abstract concepts as if they were concrete objects), and automaticity (the ability to perform tasks without conscious thought) are all important cognitive concepts, but they do not represent the most dramatic difference between infancy and toddlerhood as it pertains to cognitive development.

Question 19

Generalizing from research presented in the text, if a 4-year-old was observed speaking to a 2-year-old, what kind of speech would the 4-year-old be most likely to use:
A) the same kind of speech he uses when talking to his mother
B) the same kind of speech he uses when talking to his older brother
C) the same kind of speech he uses when talking to his preschool teacher
D) a simpler version of his normal speech

Accepted Answer

Research presented in the text suggests that children adjust their language based on the age and language abilities of their conversational partner. When talking to a younger child, the 4-year-old is most likely to simplify their language and vocabulary to make it more understandable for the 2-year-old. This suggests that the 4-year-old will likely use a simpler version of their normal speech when talking to the 2-year-old, making option D the best choice.

Question 20

Handedness is especially interesting to developmentalists because it is intimately linked to:
A) physical size at maturity
B) homosexuality
C) language lateralization
D) intelligence as measured on an IQ test

Accepted Answer

Handedness is linked to language lateralization, meaning the specialization of the left or right hemisphere of the brain in the processing of language. Approximately 90% of people are right-handed and have left-hemisphere language dominance, while the remaining 10% are left-handed or ambidextrous and may have left or right hemisphere dominance for language. This has implications for language development and disorders such as dyslexia. Handedness has not been consistently linked to physical size or intelligence, and while there may be some correlations between handedness and sexual orientation, it is not a clear or definite link.

Quiz 6: Early Childhood: Physical, Cognitive, and Language Development

When he was younger, Tommy stacked blocks for the sheer joy of doing so. Now, Tommy only stacks blocks when he is trying to build something or when he is playing a game. The term that best describes Tommy's development is:

The social and cultural aspects of language use are referred to by the term:

Suppose you examine an ultrasound image of a fetus, who is sucking her left thumb. Generalizing from research presented in the text, what is the probability that this fetus will be left-handed at age 15?

Research presented in the text suggests that playing with which of the following types of toys appears to encourage the language development the most?

Which of the following individuals would be most likely to experience the most severe and permanent disruptions in language abilities following a brain injury?

Larsen states that he likes to give his students just enough "hints" so that they can figure out how to solve a difficult problem with a minimum of guidance. Dr. Larsen's approach best demonstrates the concept of:

At first, Mike has to concentrate very hard when typing, thinking where each letter on the keyboard is. However, after practicing a great deal, he now types without even thinking about how his fingers are moving. The concept that best describes Mike's development is:

When a young child learns to help fold laundry and put clothes away, cultural information is being transmitted. According to Vygotsky's view, this is best considered to be an example of:

Suppose that Bob is a typical 3-year-old child. By age 6, you should expect that his height will have increased by about how many inches?

Generalizing from research presented in the text, which of the following memory strategies would most likely lead a young child to the best recall of a group of common household items:

Which of the following is the best example of overregularization?

Laura and Ted like to play "house," a game they invented in which Laura pretends to be the "mother" and Ted the "father." In this game, Laura cooks the food on a pretend stove and Ted takes out the pretend garbage. The ability to play this game relies most directly on which cognitive ability?

The process by which soft tissue or cartilage is transformed into bone is called:

A child who climbs to the top of a staircase for the challenge and fun of the activity has what type of motivation?

A child who believes that objects and people in their thoughts and dreams are real is displaying what?

Generalizing from research conclusions presented in the text, if given the choice, would you recommend that children be raised in bilingual environment?

Jacobs is describing a process by which neurons become insulated so that they can conduct neural impulses more efficiently. The process he is describing would be called:

According to the text, the most dramatic cognitive difference between infants and 2-year-olds is in their use of:

Generalizing from research presented in the text, if a 4-year-old was observed speaking to a 2-year-old, what kind of speech would the 4-year-old be most likely to use:

Handedness is especially interesting to developmentalists because it is intimately linked to: