Question 1

According to your text, we often forget the details of our experiences because of the development of __________.
A) schemas
B) semantic associates
C) retrieval paths
D) priming effects

Accepted Answer

Schemas are mental frameworks or structures that organize and interpret information. They help us make sense of the world around us, but they can also lead to memory errors such as forgetting details that do not fit with our existing schemas.

Question 2

Cody knows that the capital of Vermont is Montpelier. This is an example of a(n) __________ memory.
A) semantic
B) episodic
C) procedural
D) implicit

Accepted Answer

Cody's memory of the capital of Vermont is a factual piece of knowledge, which is a characteristic of semantic memory.

Question 3

What is the major conclusion from studies on the retention of material from college courses across very long periods of time?
A) Retention is excellent for the first few years, but it then gradually declines.
B) Retention declines in an almost linear way across the life span.
C) Retention is excellent for the first few years, but by middle age there is a precipitous drop-off.
D) Retention declines rapidly for the first two or three years, after which there is not much additional loss.

Accepted Answer

Studies on the retention of material from college courses show that there is a rapid decline in retention during the first two or three years after learning, but after this initial period, the rate of loss decreases significantly, indicating not much additional loss over the long term.

Question 4

Alan experiences vivid recollections of horrible events he witnessed as a soldier in the Middle East. Such recollections may ultimately contribute to a diagnosis of __________.
A) dipolar disorder
B) major depression
C) post-traumatic stress disorder
D) dissociative identity disorder

Accepted Answer

The symptoms described (vivid recollections of traumatic events) are characteristic of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a psychological disorder commonly observed in war veterans, survivors of natural disasters, and victims of violent crimes.

Question 5

A new robot is developed. Its knowledge is stored in an adaptive neural network that allows it to learn from its experiences. However, there are very few connections between the nodes of knowledge in the network. Based on your text's discussion, what might you predict with respect to the robot's performance on memory tasks?
A) It would make few memory errors and have little trouble locating particular memories in the network.
B) It would make many memory errors and have trouble locating particular memories in the network.
C) It would make few memory errors, but have trouble locating particular memories in the network.
D) It would make many memory errors, but have little trouble locating particular memories in the network.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A new robot is developed. Its knowledge...

Question 6

According to your text, errors in the misinformation paradigm stem from __________.
A) repression
B) the presence of dense retrieval paths in memory
C) the limited capacity of memory
D) the rapid decay of most memories

Accepted Answer

The text states that errors in the misinformation paradigm are due to the presence of dense retrieval paths in memory. This means that when new information is introduced, it can overwrite or distort existing memories if they are closely related. This is known as the misinformation effect. The other options (repression, limited capacity of memory, and rapid decay of memories) are not mentioned as causes of errors in this context.

Question 7

Flashbulb memories __________.
A) typically concern major, unexpected, public, or personal events
B) are remarkably accurate, even years after the initial event
C) must be due to special encoding mechanisms for emotionally charged events
D) are generally less accurate than memories for more mundane events, because of the emotion surrounding the original event

Accepted Answer

The answer of Flashbulb memories __________.
A) typically concern major, unexpected,...

Question 8

Having done "21 for 21" shots, Deanna barely remembers her 21st birthday. That is, her __________ memory is sketchy.
A) working
B) episodic
C) procedural
D) semantic

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory refers to the personal experience of events and Deanna's memory of her 21st birthday would fall under this category. Her ability to remember the events of that specific day would be affected by the excessive drinking which would impair her episodic memory. Working memory refers to the ability to hold and manipulate information temporarily in the mind. Procedural memory involves the learning and recall of certain actions and skills, such as riding a bike or tying shoes. Semantic memory deals with general knowledge and facts about the world. None of these types of memory are directly related to Deanna's ability to remember her 21st birthday.

Question 9

What allows a person to distinguish between a false memory and a true memory, according to research?
A) False memories are less vivid.
B) False memories feel less certain to the rememberer.
C) False memories are typically about less important events.
D) Nothing-false memories are typically undetectable.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that false memories can be just as vivid, certain, and about significant events as true memories, making them typically undetectable without external verification.

Question 10

Colin's therapist suggests that his lack of emotional expression reflects an attempt to distance himself from traumatic events he experienced years ago. Colin's therapist is making reference to the defense mechanism of __________.
A) dissociation
B) repression
C) depression
D) denial

Accepted Answer

Dissociation is a defense mechanism where a person mentally separates themselves from the reality of traumatic events, which aligns with the therapist's suggestion regarding Colin's lack of emotional expression.

Question 11

Autobiographical memories are most directly a subset of __________ memory.
A) procedural
B) episodic
C) implicit
D) semantic

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memories are memories of specific personal events that occurred at a particular time and place. Episodic memory relates to the ability to remember specific events that have occurred in the past. Therefore, autobiographical memories are a subset of episodic memory.

Question 12

Which of the following statements best captures the relationship between semantic and episodic memory?
A) Semantic memory is a subset of episodic memory.
B) Semantic and episodic memory are the same thing.
C) Episodic memory and semantic memory are types of explicit memory.
D) Episodic memory is a subset of semantic memory.

Accepted Answer

Both semantic and episodic memory are types of explicit memory, meaning they are both conscious and intentional forms of memory. Semantic memory stores general knowledge and information, while episodic memory stores personal experiences and events. They are related in that they both involve the medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex in the brain, but they are not the same thing and one is not a subset of the other.

Question 13

Brent studied Russian during his first three years in college, between the ages 18 and 20. When is Brent likely to forget the most Russian?
A) between the ages 50 and 60
B) between the ages 40 and 50
C) between the ages 25 and 35
D) during his senior year and the first year after college

Accepted Answer

The most significant forgetting is likely to occur soon after learning if the language is not actively used or reinforced, which is during his senior year and the first year after college.

Question 14

Donna is driving the same route to work she always takes. As Donna listens to the radio, she makes several correct turns, yet she is not conscious of the cues she used to make the turns. Here, retrieval of Donna's memories __________.
A) is implicit
B) demonstrates the importance of context specificity for declarative memory
C) demonstrates repetition priming
D) was similar to that which occurs in flashbulb memory

Accepted Answer

Donna's ability to make correct turns without conscious awareness of the cues used suggests that she is retrieving her memories implicitly, or without conscious awareness.

Question 15

Which pattern describes the curve of long-term forgetting for such things as memory for a foreign language?
A) The curve falls off quickly and then levels off.
B) The curve falls off gradually during its entire course.
C) The curve falls off slowly at first, then quickly thereafter.
D) The curve shows that all learners achieve the same baseline after many years have passed.

Accepted Answer

The curve of long-term forgetting, such as for memory of a foreign language, typically shows a rapid decline initially, followed by a leveling off. This pattern indicates that information is lost quickly at first but then the rate of forgetting slows down.

Question 16

Zarah witnesses a horrific killing. Given the evidence overall, what might you predict regarding her memory for this event?
A) She will remember it accurately for a long time.
B) She will fail to remember it at all.
C) She will remember it accurately for a short period, then begin to forget it.
D) She will forget it for a long time, then suddenly recover the memory.

Accepted Answer

Highly emotional events, especially traumatic ones, tend to be remembered more vividly and for a longer period. This is due to the impact of stress hormones on memory consolidation.

Question 17

The concept of a flashbulb memory comes from the __________.
A) detailed memories that people have of facts that they learned early in life
B) detailed memories that people have of certain important events
C) fact that our memories for some events contain detail only about the central features of the event, and not peripheral details
D) fact that memory for visual stimuli varies as a function of how well lit the stimuli were in their initial presentation

Accepted Answer

The concept of a flashbulb memory refers to the detailed and vivid memories people have of certain important events, such as the Kennedy assassination or the 9/11 terrorist attacks. These memories are often recalled with great accuracy and emotional intensity, and are thought to be linked to the biological and psychological effects of stress and arousal on memory consolidation.

Question 18

How does memory for traumatic events differ in its operation from memory for other types of events?
A) It is governed by a completely different set of principles than is episodic memory generally.
B) Memory for traumatic events does not differ at all from memory for other types of events.
C) Not all of the principles governing episodic memory generally apply to memory for traumatic events.
D) Memory for traumatic events is governed not only by those principles governing episodic memory, but also by additional, special ones.

Accepted Answer

Memory for traumatic events is governed not only by those principles governing episodic memory, but also by additional, special ones. Traumatic events can cause the release of stress hormones that can enhance memory formation and consolidation, which can result in possibly stronger memories for traumatic events compared to other types of events. Additionally, traumatic events can be re-experienced through flashbacks, nightmares, and intrusive thoughts, which can further affect the way memories for traumatic events are stored and retrieved.

Question 19

Britta's therapist suggests that she has apparently forgotten traumatic family events in an attempt to protect her conscious mind from emotional upset. Britta's therapist is making reference to the defense mechanism of __________.
A) dissociation
B) repression
C) depression
D) denial

Accepted Answer

Repression is the defense mechanism in which a person unconsciously forgets or blocks out traumatic or disturbing events from their conscious mind as a way of avoiding emotional pain.

Question 20

Generic memory is another term for __________ memory.
A) episodic
B) declarative
C) explicit
D) semantic

Accepted Answer

Generic memory refers to the general knowledge and information that is not tied to a specific time or event, which is known as semantic memory. Episodic and declarative memories are more specific and tied to particular events or facts. Explicit memory refers to conscious recall and recognition, which can include both episodic and semantic memories.

Quiz 8: Memory

According to your text, we often forget the details of our experiences because of the development of __________.

Cody knows that the capital of Vermont is Montpelier. This is an example of a(n) __________ memory.

What is the major conclusion from studies on the retention of material from college courses across very long periods of time?

Alan experiences vivid recollections of horrible events he witnessed as a soldier in the Middle East. Such recollections may ultimately contribute to a diagnosis of __________.

According to your text, errors in the misinformation paradigm stem from __________.

Flashbulb memories __________.

Having done "21 for 21" shots, Deanna barely remembers her 21st birthday. That is, her __________ memory is sketchy.

What allows a person to distinguish between a false memory and a true memory, according to research?

Colin's therapist suggests that his lack of emotional expression reflects an attempt to distance himself from traumatic events he experienced years ago. Colin's therapist is making reference to the defense mechanism of __________.

Autobiographical memories are most directly a subset of __________ memory.

Which of the following statements best captures the relationship between semantic and episodic memory?

Brent studied Russian during his first three years in college, between the ages 18 and 20. When is Brent likely to forget the most Russian?

Donna is driving the same route to work she always takes. As Donna listens to the radio, she makes several correct turns, yet she is not conscious of the cues she used to make the turns. Here, retrieval of Donna's memories __________.

Which pattern describes the curve of long-term forgetting for such things as memory for a foreign language?

Zarah witnesses a horrific killing. Given the evidence overall, what might you predict regarding her memory for this event?

The concept of a flashbulb memory comes from the __________.

How does memory for traumatic events differ in its operation from memory for other types of events?

Britta's therapist suggests that she has apparently forgotten traumatic family events in an attempt to protect her conscious mind from emotional upset. Britta's therapist is making reference to the defense mechanism of __________.

Generic memory is another term for __________ memory.