Question 1

In one study, 18-month-olds watched as experimenters made "yuck" faces after tasting one food and smiling faces after tasting another. The experimenters then asked the toddlers for food-the yucky or the good kinds. How did the toddlers respond?
A) They offered only the food they themselves preferred.
B) They offered the food the experimenter preferred, but only if it was also the food they preferred.
C) They offered only food to their right; they never offered food on the left.
D) They offered food they had seen the experimenter smile about.

Accepted Answer

The toddlers offered the food they had seen the experimenter smile about, indicating that they were able to understand and mimic the emotional facial expressions of the adult.

Question 2

Blair is 3 months old; Clea is 4 months old; Dante is 8 months old; and Enid is 15 months old. Which baby is most likely UNABLE to perform the action with which he or she is paired?
A) Blair; rolls over
B) Clea; stands alone
C) Dante; stands alone
D) Enid; walks

Accepted Answer

Clea, at 4 months old, is most likely unable to stand alone as this milestone is typically reached closer to 9-17 months.

Question 3

For Piaget, schemas are __________.
A) organized patterns of behavior
B) reflexes that disappear after several weeks
C) isolated units of behavior that are gradually replaced by assimilations
D) isolated units of behavior that are gradually replaced by accommodations

Accepted Answer

Schemas, according to Piaget, are organized patterns of behavior or thought that children and adults use to interact with and understand the world around them. They are foundational to his theory of cognitive development, serving as the building blocks for the acquisition of knowledge.

Question 4

In a recent study, 18-month-olds watched an experimenter show pleasure after eating broccoli and distaste after eating crackers. When the experimenter then asked the children for more food, the children typically offered __________.
A) whichever food they themselves preferred, as predicted by Piaget's claims of egocentrism
B) whichever food they themselves preferred, in contrast to the predictions of Piaget's claims of egocentrism
C) broccoli, even if they themselves preferred crackers, as predicted by Piaget's claims of egocentrism
D) broccoli, even if they themselves preferred crackers, in contrast to the predictions of Piaget's claims of egocentrism

Accepted Answer

The children typically offered broccoli, even if they themselves preferred crackers, which contradicts the predictions of Piaget's claims of egocentrism. This suggests that by 18 months, children are already beginning to take into account others' preferences and use them to guide their own behavior.

Question 5

Regarding infants' sensory development, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Newborns can discriminate between tones of different pitch and loudness.
B) Newborns show a preference for their mother's voice over that of a stranger.
C) Newborns' vision approximates the 20/20 vision of adults.
D) Newborns can discriminate brightness and color.

Accepted Answer

Newborns' vision is not fully developed and is estimated to be around 20/600, gradually improving to adult levels by six months of age.

Question 6

One-year-old Freddy is interacting with his mother. If she looks over to the side, Freddy will probably __________.
A) look to where she seems to be looking
B) look at her eyes to try to figure out why they have moved
C) look somewhere else now that she is not paying attention to him
D) imitate whatever she is doing with her mouth

Accepted Answer

One-year-olds typically have the ability to follow another person's gaze direction and will look to where the person is looking, so Freddy will likely follow his mother's gaze.

Question 7

Ilsa is 6 months old. Recent research on children's understanding of number suggests that Ilsa probably __________.
A) has an understanding of threeness versus twoness
B) has a rudimentary understanding of addition
C) has a rudimentary understanding of subtraction
D) has no understanding of number

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that infants as young as 5 months old can differentiate between small numbers, such as two versus three objects, suggesting a basic understanding of number concepts like "threeness" versus "twoness."

Question 8

A child demonstrates object permanence, egocentrism, and a failure to conserve. She is most likely in which Piagetian stage?
A) preoperational
B) concrete operational
C) sensorimotor
D) formal operational

Accepted Answer

The concepts of object permanence (understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight), egocentrism (difficulty understanding others' perspectives), and failure to conserve (difficulty understanding that changes in appearance do not always mean changes in quantity) are all characteristic of children in the preoperational stage of development, typically between the ages of 2 and 7 years old.

Question 9

When an object touches baby Geraldine's palm, she closes her fist tightly around it. If the object is lifted up, Geraldine hangs on and is lifted up with it. In other words, Geraldine demonstrates what is called __________.
A) preoperational thought
B) the rooting reflex
C) the Babinski reflex
D) the grasping reflex

Accepted Answer

The described behavior of closing the fist tightly around an object and being lifted up with it is known as the grasping reflex, which is a natural reflex in infants.

Question 10

If you stick out your tongue at a 3-week-old infant, she will probably __________.
A) laugh at you
B) frown, because she cannot figure out how to imitate the expression
C) stick out her tongue in imitation of your face
D) cry

Accepted Answer

At three weeks old, infants have the ability to imitate some facial expressions, including sticking out their tongue in response to someone else doing it. Therefore, the infant is most likely to stick out her tongue in imitation.

Question 11

According to Piaget, when a child is able to understand that adding 1 to 6 makes an odd number, but cannot grasp that 1 added to any even number makes it odd, the child is in the __________ stage.
A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Accepted Answer

In the concrete operational stage, children begin to understand logical operations and can perform tasks involving concrete objects, but they may struggle with abstract or hypothetical concepts, such as generalizing the rule that adding 1 to any even number results in an odd number.

Question 12

What marks the end of Piaget's sensorimotor period?
A) the achievement of object permanence
B) leaving behind egocentrism
C) conservation of number
D) the disappearance of reflexes

Accepted Answer

The achievement of object permanence marks the end of Piaget's sensorimotor period. Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched. This typically develops around 8 months of age and is a significant milestone in cognitive development.

Question 13

A child perseverates in her response, searching for an item in the location from which it was last recovered rather than its new location. Piaget called this behavior __________.
A) habituation
B) the A-not-B effect
C) assimilation
D) accommodation

Accepted Answer

The behavior described in the scenario is the A-not-B effect, which is a cognitive error observed in infants when they continue to search for an object in its previous hiding place (location A) rather than the new hiding place (location B) where the object was last hidden, because they have the mental representation that the object is in location A. Piaget first described this behavior as a part of his theory of cognitive development.

Question 14

Object permanence refers to the child's awareness that __________.
A) a variety of actions can be coordinated into one organized schema
B) the mass of an object does not change despite transformations in the shape of the object
C) objects exist independent of one's direct perception of or actions on them
D) certain motor patterns can become permanently associated with specific environmental objects
E) rough handling can cause objects to break

Accepted Answer

Object permanence refers to the understanding that objects continue to exist even when one cannot see or interact with them directly. This understanding is a crucial milestone in cognitive development, and typically emerges around 8-12 months of age. Options A, B, D, and E are unrelated to the concept of object permanence.

Question 15

With respect to nationality, pioneering cognitive psychologist Jean Piaget was __________.
A) French
B) Swiss
C) Belgian
D) Dutch

Accepted Answer

The answer of With respect to nationality, pioneering cognitive psychologist...

Question 16

According to Piaget, a child who demonstrates conservation and difficulty in thinking abstractly is in which stage?
A) sensorimotor
B) formal operational
C) preoperational
D) concrete operational

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Piaget, a child who demonstrates...

Question 17

Three-year-old Miguel knows that Julie wants a cookie and that Julie thinks there are cookies in the cabinet. Asked to predict what Julie will do, Miguel says that __________.
A) she will open the cabinet, indicating his developing sense of egocentrism
B) she will open the cabinet, indicating his developing theory of mind
C) she will open the cabinet, indicating his lack of theory of mind
D) he has no way of knowing

Accepted Answer

Miguel's prediction that Julie will open the cabinet indicates his developing theory of mind, as he understands that Julie has her own beliefs and desires that may influence her behavior. This is a key aspect of theory of mind, and is distinct from egocentrism (A) or a lack of theory of mind (C). Additionally, the question does not provide any information to suggest that Miguel has no way of knowing (D).

Question 18

With respect to Piaget's assessment of children's cognitive abilities, recent research suggests that Piaget probably __________ children's capabilities.
A) underestimated
B) accurately estimated
C) slightly overestimated
D) greatly overestimated

Accepted Answer

Recent research suggests that Piaget underestimated children's cognitive abilities, particularly in the areas of object permanence and egocentrism. Children are capable of understanding object permanence at a younger age than Piaget originally thought, and they may have more social awareness and perspective-taking skills than he credited them with.

Question 19

The brain __________.
A) adds weight in spurts throughout childhood
B) adds weight continuously throughout childhood
C) adds weight in childhood primarily through increases in the number of synapses
D) maintains a constant weight until puberty and then becomes heavier

Accepted Answer

The answer of The brain __________.
A) adds weight in spurts...

Question 20

A 6-month-old infant makes a move to grasp a toy that he wants. His action is __________.
A) voluntary
B) reflexive
C) involuntary
D) a rooting reflex

Accepted Answer

The infant's action to grasp the toy is voluntary because he is initiating the action with a clear goal in mind. This is different from reflexive movements which occur without conscious control or intention.

Quiz 14: Development

In one study, 18-month-olds watched as experimenters made "yuck" faces after tasting one food and smiling faces after tasting another. The experimenters then asked the toddlers for food-the yucky or the good kinds. How did the toddlers respond?

Blair is 3 months old; Clea is 4 months old; Dante is 8 months old; and Enid is 15 months old. Which baby is most likely UNABLE to perform the action with which he or she is paired?

For Piaget, schemas are __________.

In a recent study, 18-month-olds watched an experimenter show pleasure after eating broccoli and distaste after eating crackers. When the experimenter then asked the children for more food, the children typically offered __________.

Regarding infants' sensory development, which of the following statements is FALSE?

One-year-old Freddy is interacting with his mother. If she looks over to the side, Freddy will probably __________.

Ilsa is 6 months old. Recent research on children's understanding of number suggests that Ilsa probably __________.

A child demonstrates object permanence, egocentrism, and a failure to conserve. She is most likely in which Piagetian stage?

When an object touches baby Geraldine's palm, she closes her fist tightly around it. If the object is lifted up, Geraldine hangs on and is lifted up with it. In other words, Geraldine demonstrates what is called __________.

If you stick out your tongue at a 3-week-old infant, she will probably __________.

According to Piaget, when a child is able to understand that adding 1 to 6 makes an odd number, but cannot grasp that 1 added to any even number makes it odd, the child is in the __________ stage.

What marks the end of Piaget's sensorimotor period?

A child perseverates in her response, searching for an item in the location from which it was last recovered rather than its new location. Piaget called this behavior __________.

Object permanence refers to the child's awareness that __________.

With respect to nationality, pioneering cognitive psychologist Jean Piaget was __________.

According to Piaget, a child who demonstrates conservation and difficulty in thinking abstractly is in which stage?

Three-year-old Miguel knows that Julie wants a cookie and that Julie thinks there are cookies in the cabinet. Asked to predict what Julie will do, Miguel says that __________.

With respect to Piaget's assessment of children's cognitive abilities, recent research suggests that Piaget probably __________ children's capabilities.

The brain __________.

A 6-month-old infant makes a move to grasp a toy that he wants. His action is __________.