Question 1

When looking at an automobile, the ability to label it as a car is the responsibility of the __________ stream, which is made up of the inferior temporal cortex.
A) dorsal
B) ventral
C) rostral
D) caudal
E) anterior

Accepted Answer

The ventral stream, also known as the "what" pathway, is responsible for object recognition and identification in the visual system. It specifically includes the inferior temporal cortex, which helps us label objects, such as an automobile, as a specific category, in this case, a car. The other options listed do not pertain to this function of object recognition.

Question 2

The ________ plays a key role in short-term memory for all sensory systems.
A) superior temporal cortex
B) cingulate cortex
C) dorsal parietal cortex
D) prefrontal cortex
E) inferior temporal cortex

Accepted Answer

The prefrontal cortex plays a key role in short-term memory for all sensory systems, as it is responsible for the active maintenance and manipulation of information in working memory. It is also involved in decision-making, attention, and other higher cognitive processes. The other brain regions listed may be involved in sensory processing or memory, but they do not have as central a role in short-term storage and manipulation of sensory information as the prefrontal cortex does.

Question 3

In a delayed matching-to-sample task, participants were shown a face and then were asked to identify which face had been seen previously. In this case, the _______________ was activated in order to choose the correct face.
A) parahippocampal place area
B) fusiform face area
C) inferior temporal cortex
D) posterior parietal cortex
E) anterior cingulate cortex

Accepted Answer

The fusiform face area (FFA) is a specialized region in the brain for facial recognition and identification. In a delayed matching-to-sample task involving faces, the FFA is activated when participants are asked to identify which face had been seen previously.

Question 4

The ________________ deficits in Parkinson's disease result in impairment of learning a visually cued operant conditioning task.
A) substantia nigra
B) globus pallidus
C) basal ganglia
D) hypothalamus
E) cerebellum

Accepted Answer

The basal ganglia, which includes the substantia nigra and globus pallidus, is important for motor control and learning of various tasks, including operant conditioning. Parkinson's disease is characterized by the loss of dopamine-secreting neurons in the substantia nigra, which results in impairment of basal ganglia function and motor learning. Therefore, the deficits in Parkinson's disease that impair learning a visually cued operant conditioning task are associated with the basal ganglia.

Question 5

You have been playing the piano since you were five years old. When asked to play a relatively easy piece, like Chopsticks, you do so with very little effort. During this performance, your _____________ is active.
A) supplementary motor area
B) premotor cortex
C) ventral premotor cortex
D) dorsal premotor cortex
E) orbitofrontal cortex

Accepted Answer

The supplementary motor area is involved in the coordination of movements and is active during well-practiced and automatic tasks, such as playing a familiar piece on the piano.

Question 6

Memories for a stimulus or an event can be retained in ________, which lasts for ________.
A) the ventral stream; weeks
B) short-term memory; a few seconds
C) the dorsal stream; days
D) perceptual memory; milliseconds
E) long-term memory; days

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory retains information for a few seconds to minutes, allowing for temporary storage and manipulation of information.

Question 7

Activation of the fusiform face area is involved in
A) learning a new person's face and then recognizing it later when you see her again.
B) recognizing a friend's face and remembering that she is still in the room when not directly in the visual field.
C) recognizing a friend's face.
D) recognizing a friend's face and recognizing it later.
E) learning a new person's face, recognizing it later, and remembering that she is still in the room when not directly in the visual field.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Activation of the fusiform face area is...

Question 8

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can disrupt neural circuits in awake humans. The notion that short-term memory (STM) for a visual stimulus involves continued activation of the appropriate visual association cortex is supported by studies in which
A) TMS applied to the ventral stream disrupted STM for a visual location.
B) TMS can be used to elicit perceptual memories.
C) TMS applied to the ventral stream disrupted STM for a visual pattern.
D) global amnesia is noted after chronic TMS in depressed humans.
E) TMS of the motor cortex disrupts visual STM.

Accepted Answer

TMS applied to the ventral stream disrupting STM for a visual pattern supports the idea that short-term memory for a visual stimulus involves continued activation of the visual association cortex, as the ventral stream is involved in processing visual patterns and objects.

Question 9

Video gamers often find that they are able to beat difficult stages that require accurate timing of button pushes after taking a break from the game. This phenomenon supports the fact that
A) motor learning is instantaneous.
B) memory of motor behavior is formed during the first three motoric attempts.
C) memory of motor behavior is improved through consolidation.
D) REM and slow wave sleep are not associated with enhanced motor learning.
E) memory of motor behavior is formed during the first seven motoric attempts.

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon of being able to beat difficult stages after taking a break supports the idea of memory consolidation, which involves strengthening and stabilizing memories through repeated practice and sleep. This suggests that memory of motor behavior is improved through consolidation, not instantaneous or limited to a specific number of attempts. The specific number referenced in answer choices B and E is not supported by empirical evidence. Additionally, REM and slow wave sleep have been associated with enhanced motor learning, contradicting answer choice D.

Question 10

Peter was in a car accident and suffered from damage to his posterior parietal cortex. In numerous trials, he is able to identify objects but it unable to locate them in space. Peter probably suffered damage to his _________ stream of perceptual learning.
A) dorsal
B) ventral
C) rostral
D) caudal
E) anterior

Accepted Answer

The dorsal stream, also known as the "where" pathway, processes spatial information and helps us locate objects in space. Damage to the posterior parietal cortex, which is part of the dorsal stream, can result in difficulty with spatial perception and may explain why Peter is able to identify objects but unable to locate them in space.

Question 11

When looking at pictures of her daughter playing soccer, Martha's ___________ is active, indicating that Martha has memory of the motions that went along with the photographs.
A) fusiform gyrus
B) MT/MST
C) posterior parietal cortex
D) inferior temporal cortex
E) anterior cingulate cortex

Accepted Answer

The MT/MST area, also known as the middle temporal visual area and the medial superior temporal area, is involved in the perception of motion. When Martha looks at pictures of her daughter playing soccer, her memory of the motions associated with those pictures would activate the MT/MST area, as it is responsible for processing visual motion information.

Question 12

Damage to human visual association cortex would be expected to impair the ability to
A) sense changes in the color of objects.
B) detect movement.
C) differentiate between two tones.
D) recognize familiar objects.
E) detect changes in binocular depth cues.

Accepted Answer

The visual association cortex is responsible for processing visual information and recognizing familiar objects. Therefore, damage to this area would be expected to impair one's ability to recognize familiar objects.

Question 13

Stroke patients with damage to the _____________ had difficulty filtering out irrelevant information, and patients with damage to the _______________ had difficulty retaining more than a few pieces of information in short-term memory.
A) left basal ganglia; right prefrontal cortex
B) right basal ganglia; right prefrontal cortex
C) left basal ganglia; left prefrontal cortex
D) right basal ganglia; left prefrontal cortex
E) right basal ganglia; anterior cingulate cortex

Accepted Answer

The answer of Stroke patients with damage to the _____________...

Question 14

In a delayed matching-to-sample task, participants were shown an image of a famous landmark and were then asked to choose from various landmarks which one had been seen previously. In this case, the _______________ was activated in order to choose the correct landmark.
A) parahippocampal place area
B) fusiform face area
C) inferior temporal cortex
D) posterior parietal cortex
E) anterior cingulate cortex

Accepted Answer

The parahippocampal place area (PPA) is responsible for processing and recognizing scenes and landscapes, including famous landmarks. In a delayed matching-to-sample task, participants must rely on visual memory to correctly identify the previously seen landmark, indicating that the PPA would likely be activated.

Question 15

The major finding of the study by Standing (1973), in which subjects were shown 10,000 slides and then tested for recognition at various times thereafter, was that
A) object recognition was rapidly forgotten within minutes.
B) subjects showed good recognition of the slides for 72 hours, after which recognition went to chance levels.
C) people were able to recognize most of the slides for a time interval of weeks.
D) subjects showed better recall when stressed just prior to the recognition test.
E) the results of this study call into question the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.

Accepted Answer

The major finding of Standing's study was that people were able to recognize most of the slides for a time interval of weeks, demonstrating the capacity of the human memory system for recognition over long periods.

Question 16

The _____________ of the neocortex appears to be where semantic memories are stored.
A) anterolateral temporal lobe
B) posterolateral temporal lobe
C) ventromedial temporal lobe
D) hippocampus
E) thalamus

Accepted Answer

The anterolateral temporal lobe of the neocortex is associated with the storage of semantic memories, which are memories of facts and general knowledge.

Question 17

The ventral stream of visual association cortex continues into the ________ and carries information relating to ________.
A) inferior temporal cortex; object location
B) posterior parietal cortex; object location
C) posterior parietal cortex; object recognition
D) inferior temporal cortex; object recognition
E) primary visual cortex; object shape and color

Accepted Answer

The ventral stream of visual association cortex, also known as the "what pathway," continues into the inferior temporal cortex and carries information relating to object recognition. Choice A is incorrect because while the inferior temporal cortex is part of the ventral stream, it does not primarily carry information about object location. Choice B is incorrect because the posterior parietal cortex is part of the dorsal stream, which is involved in processing information about object location and action planning, not object recognition. Choice C is also incorrect for the same reason as Choice B. Choice E is incorrect because the primary visual cortex is not part of the ventral stream of visual association cortex.

Question 18

The notion that episodic memories are distinct from semantic memories is supported by studies in which
A) damage to the amygdala impairs semantic but not episodic memory.
B) anoxia facilitates episodic memory but not semantic memory.
C) anoxia facilitates semantic memory but not episodic memory.
D) persons with semantic dementia show loss of the lateral temporal lobe but not the hippocampal formation.
E) hippocampal subjects had poor vocabulary skills but good recall of their daily conversations.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that individuals with semantic dementia, which involves the loss of the lateral temporal lobe but not the hippocampal formation, primarily lose semantic memory (knowledge of facts and concepts) while episodic memory (personal experiences and events) can remain relatively intact. This distinction supports the idea that episodic and semantic memories are processed and stored differently in the brain.

Question 19

A person with semantic dementia would be expected to show
A) damage of the medial parietal lobe.
B) a difficulty in recalling episodic information.
C) damage of the hippocampus.
D) a difficulty in recalling factual information.
E) deficits in episodic emotional memory.

Accepted Answer

Semantic dementia affects semantic memory, which stores general knowledge and facts about the world. Therefore, a person with semantic dementia would have difficulty recalling factual information. Damage to the hippocampus and medial parietal lobe is associated with episodic memory deficits, which are not the main feature of semantic dementia. Deficits in emotional memory are also not specific to semantic dementia.

Question 20

Which is an example of perceptual learning?
A) realizing that your friend colored her hair blue
B) remembering how to play the piano
C) knowing how to calculate a math problem in your head
D) understanding your relationship to your parents
E) recalling the lyrics to your favorite song

Accepted Answer

Perceptual learning involves the ability to recognize changes in sensory inputs, such as noticing a change in a friend's hair color. This process is about interpreting sensory information more effectively over time, rather than skills, knowledge, or memory recall.

Quiz 13: Learning and Memory

When looking at an automobile, the ability to label it as a car is the responsibility of the __________ stream, which is made up of the inferior temporal cortex.

The ________ plays a key role in short-term memory for all sensory systems.

In a delayed matching-to-sample task, participants were shown a face and then were asked to identify which face had been seen previously. In this case, the _______________ was activated in order to choose the correct face.

The ________________ deficits in Parkinson's disease result in impairment of learning a visually cued operant conditioning task.

You have been playing the piano since you were five years old. When asked to play a relatively easy piece, like Chopsticks, you do so with very little effort. During this performance, your _____________ is active.

Memories for a stimulus or an event can be retained in , which lasts for .

Activation of the fusiform face area is involved in

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can disrupt neural circuits in awake humans. The notion that short-term memory (STM) for a visual stimulus involves continued activation of the appropriate visual association cortex is supported by studies in which

Video gamers often find that they are able to beat difficult stages that require accurate timing of button pushes after taking a break from the game. This phenomenon supports the fact that

Peter was in a car accident and suffered from damage to his posterior parietal cortex. In numerous trials, he is able to identify objects but it unable to locate them in space. Peter probably suffered damage to his _________ stream of perceptual learning.

When looking at pictures of her daughter playing soccer, Martha's ___________ is active, indicating that Martha has memory of the motions that went along with the photographs.

Damage to human visual association cortex would be expected to impair the ability to

Stroke patients with damage to the _ had difficulty filtering out irrelevant information, and patients with damage to the ___ had difficulty retaining more than a few pieces of information in short-term memory.

In a delayed matching-to-sample task, participants were shown an image of a famous landmark and were then asked to choose from various landmarks which one had been seen previously. In this case, the _______________ was activated in order to choose the correct landmark.

The major finding of the study by Standing (1973) , in which subjects were shown 10,000 slides and then tested for recognition at various times thereafter, was that

The _____________ of the neocortex appears to be where semantic memories are stored.

The ventral stream of visual association cortex continues into the and carries information relating to .

The notion that episodic memories are distinct from semantic memories is supported by studies in which

A person with semantic dementia would be expected to show

Which is an example of perceptual learning?