Question 1

Thorndike's main apparatus in his operant conditioning research was:
A)a wire monkey.
B)a cognitive map.
C)a puzzle box.
D)a buzzer.

Accepted Answer

Thorndike's main apparatus in his operant conditioning research was the puzzle box. In this box, an animal (usually a cat) had to learn how to operate a latch or lever to escape and obtain food. This allowed Thorndike to study the process of learning through trial and error.

Question 2

The Law of Effect was proposed by:
A)Titchener.
B)Watson.
C)Skinner.
D)Thorndike.

Accepted Answer

The Law of Effect was proposed by Edward Thorndike.

Question 3

When Ivan Pavlov presented meat powder,the dog salivated.The meat powder was the ________ and salivation was the ________.
A)UCR,UCS
B)UCS,UCR
C)CS,CR
D)CR,CS

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the stimulus that naturally or automatically triggers a response, while the unconditioned response (UCR) is the natural response to the UCS. In this scenario, the meat powder is the UCS as it naturally triggers the dog's salivation, which is the UCR. Through repeated pairings with the meat powder, the conditioned stimulus (CS), in this case, the presentation of the meat powder, eventually becomes able to elicit a conditioned response (CR), which is the salivation in response to the CS.

Question 4

Classical is to _______ as operant is to _______.
A)Pavlov;Skinner
B)Skinner;Pavlov
C)Pavlov;Watson
D)Watson;Pavlov

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is associated with Ivan Pavlov, while operant conditioning is associated with B.F. Skinner.

Question 5

B.F.Skinner is known for his theory of:
A)cognitive learning.
B)intelligence.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

B.F. Skinner is most known for his theory of operant conditioning, which focuses on how behavior is shaped by consequences (reinforcements and punishments) in the environment, rather than classical conditioning or cognitive learning.

Question 6

What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?
A)unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response
B)conditioned response and unconditioned response
C)neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
D)neutral stimulus and conditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus, which naturally elicits a reflexive response (unconditioned response) from the organism. Over time and repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits a similar response (conditioned response) as the unconditioned stimulus. Therefore, the correct answer is C, neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus.

Question 7

The learning process studied in the Skinner box is known as:
A)social learning.
B)higher-order conditioning.
C)cognitive learning.
D)operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The learning process studied in the Skinner box is known as operant conditioning, which involves the association of a behavior with its consequences. The Skinner box is a controlled environment where rats or pigeons learn to perform a certain action to receive a reward, which reinforces the behavior and increases the likelihood of its occurrence in the future. Social learning refers to the acquisition of new behaviors through observation and imitation of others, while cognitive learning involves the processing and organization of information to gain new knowledge and skills. Higher-order conditioning refers to the association of a neutral stimulus with an already established conditioned stimulus, leading to a new conditioned response.

Question 8

Classical conditioning was discovered by:
A)Pavlov.
B)Watson.
C)Thorndike.
D)Skinner.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov through his famous experiment with dogs and salivation. The other options are associated with different types of learning and behaviorism theories.

Question 9

The apparatus that has come to symbolize the theory of operant conditioning is the:
A)Rubik's cube.
B)Skinner box.
C)Pavlov bell.
D)Thorndike puzzle.

Accepted Answer

The Skinner box, also known as the operant conditioning chamber, is a device designed to study operant conditioning by placing an animal such as a rat inside and offering rewards or punishments for certain behaviors. It has become symbolic of the theory of operant conditioning and is closely associated with the work of psychologist B.F. Skinner.

Question 10

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,the ringing of the bell was the __________.
A)unconditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned response
C)conditioned stimulus
D)conditioned response

Accepted Answer

In this experiment, the ringing of the bell was paired with the presentation of meat until it became associated with the meat and the dogs began to salivate in response to the bell alone. Therefore, the ringing of the bell became the conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicited the conditioned response (CR) of salivation. The meat, which originally elicited the salivation without any learning, was the unconditioned stimulus (US), and the salivation to the meat was the unconditioned response (UR).

Question 11

Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
A)blinking when air is blown into your eye
B)blinking,when you hear your favorite song
C)your favorite song
D)a puff of air to your eye

Accepted Answer

A puff of air to your eye is a stimulus that naturally elicits a reflexive response of blinking, without any prior conditioning.

Question 12

We associate the name of _______ most closely with classical conditioning.
A)B.F.Skinner
B)Robert Rescorla
C)Albert Bandura
D)Ivan Pavlov

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with classical conditioning, as he is the psychologist who first discovered this type of learning through his famous experiments with dogs and salivation. B.F. Skinner is associated with operant conditioning, Robert Rescorla is known for his research on contingency theory, and Albert Bandura is known for social learning theory.

Question 13

Thorndike conducted research on:
A)operant conditioning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)shaping.
D)higher-order conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Thorndike is known for his work on operant conditioning, which involves learning through rewards and punishments associated with one's behavior. He famously studied animal learning through his "puzzle box" experiments, in which cats had to learn how to escape a box in order to receive food as a reward.

Question 14

A research participant hears a tone followed by a puff of air directed toward his eye.Later,he blinks when he hears the tone.Before ending the experiment,what could the researcher do in order to extinguish the blinking to that tone?
A)present the tone alone repeatedly
B)present the puff of air alone repeatedly
C)increase the loudness of the tone
D)increase the amount of air that is directed toward the eye

Accepted Answer

Presenting the tone alone repeatedly without the puff of air will eventually lead to extinction of the conditioned response (blinking to the tone). The other options (B, C, and D) may increase or reinforce the conditioned response.

Question 15

The person associated with the law of effect is _______.
A)Watson
B)Pavlov
C)Skinner
D)Thorndike

Accepted Answer

The law of effect, which states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated, was established by Edward Thorndike.

Question 16

Thorndike is to _______ as Skinner is to _______.
A)reinforcement;Law of Effect
B)Law of Effect;reinforcement
C)reinforcement;punishment
D)positive reinforcement;negative reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Thorndike is known for the Law of Effect, which states that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by unsatisfying consequences are less likely to be repeated. Skinner expanded upon this concept and developed the principles of operant conditioning, which focuses on the use of reinforcement or punishment to shape behavior. Therefore, Skinner is associated with reinforcement and Thorndike is associated with the Law of Effect, making choice B the best answer.

Question 17

The "law of effect" was first proposed in the modern scientific community by:
A)James.
B)Skinner.
C)Thorndike.
D)Pavlov.

Accepted Answer

The "law of effect" was first proposed by Edward Thorndike in his experiments with cats and puzzle boxes, which found that animals are more likely to repeat behaviors that lead to desirable outcomes and less likely to repeat behaviors that lead to undesirable outcomes. James is known for his work in psychology, but did not specifically propose the "law of effect." Skinner focused on the concept of operant conditioning, which builds upon the "law of effect" but did not invent it. Pavlov is known for his work on classical conditioning, which is different from the "law of effect."

Question 18

Taste aversions seem to be specific examples of what type of learning?
A)classical conditioning
B)insight learning
C)vicarious learning
D)operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

Taste aversions are a type of learning that occurs when an individual associates a particular food or drink with an unpleasant experience, such as illness or nausea. This association is made through classical conditioning, which involves pairing the taste of the food or drink with the experience of illness, leading to the development of an aversion or avoidance of that specific food or drink.

Question 19

Classical conditioning was discovered by _______.
A)Pavlov
B)Watson
C)Thorndike
D)Skinner

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning was discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov in the early 20th century.

Question 20

When Casey opens the closet door to get some dog food,her dog salivates.What is the conditioned stimulus in this example?
A)dog food
B)the cat running
C)the sound of the closet door opening
D)the dog

Accepted Answer

The sound of the closet door opening is the conditioned stimulus because it has been associated with the presentation of dog food, which is the unconditioned stimulus, leading to the dog's conditioned response of salivating. The other choices are not related to the dog's response in this particular scenario.

Quiz 5: Learning

Thorndike's main apparatus in his operant conditioning research was:

The Law of Effect was proposed by:

When Ivan Pavlov presented meat powder,the dog salivated.The meat powder was the and salivation was the .

Classical is to _ as operant is to _.

B.F.Skinner is known for his theory of:

What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?

The learning process studied in the Skinner box is known as:

Classical conditioning was discovered by:

The apparatus that has come to symbolize the theory of operant conditioning is the:

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,the ringing of the bell was the __________.

Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ?

We associate the name of _______ most closely with classical conditioning.

Thorndike conducted research on:

A research participant hears a tone followed by a puff of air directed toward his eye.Later,he blinks when he hears the tone.Before ending the experiment,what could the researcher do in order to extinguish the blinking to that tone?

The person associated with the law of effect is _______.

Thorndike is to _ as Skinner is to _.

The "law of effect" was first proposed in the modern scientific community by:

Taste aversions seem to be specific examples of what type of learning?

Classical conditioning was discovered by _______.

When Casey opens the closet door to get some dog food,her dog salivates.What is the conditioned stimulus in this example?