Question 1

Kumar is trying to answer a question on his government exam. It asks him to name the first three prime ministers of Canada. The search and analysis of information to answer this question is being carried out in ____________ by the ____________.
A) long-term memory; central executive
B) long-term memory; retrieval process
C) short-term memory; retrieval process
D) short-term memory; central executive

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kumar is trying to answer a question...

Question 2

Akila's brother asks her if she knows the names of the capitals of New Brunswick and Manitoba. She instantly knows that the capital of New Brunswick is Fredericton and she does not know the capital of Manitoba. Akila is using her ____________ memory to retrieve ____________ memories.
A) explicit; declarative
B) implicit; tacit
C) episodic; autobiographical
D) procedural; semantic

Accepted Answer

Akila is using her explicit memory to retrieve declarative memories because she is consciously recalling factual information about the capitals of these provinces.

Question 3

If someone asks you who ran for student council president, you will answer from your ____________ memory. If someone asks who you voted for, you will answer from your ____________ memory.
A) episodic; semantic
B) semantic; episodic
C) procedural; explicit
D) explicit; procedural

Accepted Answer

Semantic memory involves general knowledge about the world, such as who ran for student council president. Episodic memory involves personal experiences, such as who you voted for.

Question 4

People have better memories for events that involve negative emotions. According to evolutionary theory, this suggests that negative emotions:
A) make information easier to rehearse
B) emphasize information important to survival
C) increase consolidation of information
D) act as mnemonics for information

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary theory suggests that negative emotions have a survival advantage because they prioritize information that is important for survival. Therefore, people are more likely to remember events that involve negative emotions because this information is crucial for their survival. The other options (easier rehearsal, increased consolidation, and acting as mnemonics) may contribute to memory, but they do not explain why negative emotions specifically enhance memory.

Question 5

Even though he has already memorized his notes, Hao reviews them every night for the two weeks before the exam. This strategy is likely to ____________ his performance due to ____________.
A) hurt; massed practice
B) hurt; distributed practice
C) help; massed practice
D) help; distributed practice

Accepted Answer

This strategy is likely to help his performance due to distributed practice, which involves spaced repetition of material over a period of time, leading to better retention and retrieval of information. By reviewing his notes every night for two weeks, Hao is engaging in distributed practice, which can improve his chances of performing well on the exam. Massed practice, on the other hand, involves cramming information in a short period of time, which is more likely to lead to forgetting and poorer performance.

Question 6

The best argument that long-term memory and short-term memory are separate entities is that:
A) brain damage can leave one but not the other memory intact
B) recent events are remembered better than most past events
C) recalling past events, but not recent events, requires retrieval cues
D) the recency effect, but not the primacy effect, can be disrupted

Accepted Answer

Brain damage can selectively affect either short-term or long-term memory, suggesting that they are different systems. For example, damage to the hippocampus can impair the formation of new long-term memories, while leaving short-term memory relatively intact.

Option B describes a phenomenon known as the "serial position effect" rather than separate memory systems.

Option C suggests that retrieval of memories depends on contextual cues, but does not necessarily indicate separate memory systems.

Option D refers to the fact that people tend to remember more items at the beginning (primacy) and end (recency) of a list, with the recency effect being more vulnerable to disruption. However, this again does not necessarily imply separate memory systems.

Question 7

Which of the following memories are most permanent?
A) sensory memory
B) short-term memory
C) working memory
D) long-term memory

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory has the most permanence as it can last for years, whereas the other types of memory have much shorter durations. Sensory memory lasts only a few seconds, short-term memory typically lasts around 30 seconds, and working memory holds information for a short period of time while it is being actively processed.

Question 8

One of the best ways to remember factual information is to relate it to something personal. In this way, you are taking advantage of your ____________ memory to aid retrieval from your ____________ memory.
A) implicit; explicit
B) semantic; episodic
C) episodic; semantic
D) explicit; implicit

Accepted Answer

Relating factual information to something personal involves using one's personal experiences, which are stored in episodic memory, to aid retrieval from semantic memory, where factual knowledge is stored. Therefore, the answer is C - episodic memory to aid retrieval from semantic memory.

Question 9

Colt is an excellent quarterback. One skill that contributes to his ability is that he sees the players not just as individuals, but as units that can be called on to make different plays. This skill enables him to process the game more efficiently and to hold more information about the game in his short-term memory. Colt is using the memory strategy of:
A) visualization
B) imaging
C) chunking
D) linking

Accepted Answer

Colt is using the memory strategy of chunking, which involves grouping related information into smaller units or chunks that are easier to remember. In this case, he is chunking the players into units that can be called on to make plays. This helps him to process the game more efficiently and to hold more information in his short-term memory.

Question 10

If you can remember exactly what you did yesterday but have trouble remembering the names of the 13 provinces, then you have excellent ____________ memory but somewhat poor ____________ memory.
A) episodic; semantic
B) semantic; episodic
C) procedural; explicit
D) explicit; procedural

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory refers to the ability to remember personal experiences, while semantic memory refers to the ability to recall general knowledge and facts. In this scenario, the individual can remember the specific events from yesterday (episodic memory), but struggles with recalling the names of the provinces (semantic memory). Thus, the individual has excellent episodic memory but somewhat poor semantic memory.

Question 11

According to evolutionary theory, the brain is selective about the information that gets stored in long-term memory because:
A) only a limited amount of space is available in long-term memory
B) information that aids in reproduction and survival is emphasized
C) increased selectivity is associated with greater intelligence
D) selectivity improves the organization of information in long-term memory

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary theory suggests that the brain prioritizes the storage of information that aids in reproduction and survival, as these are essential for the survival of the species. The brain has evolved to be selective about the information that is stored in long-term memory to ensure that resources are devoted to memorizing important information.

Question 12

In a serial position curve, words that are not part of either the primacy or recency effect may be:
A) forgotten
B) only partially learned
C) stored but not consolidated
D) unprocessed

Accepted Answer

The words that are not part of either the primacy or recency effect may be forgotten, as they are not as easily remembered as those in the beginning or end of a list.

Question 13

A friend gives you her new address over the phone, and you realize that you do not have a pen to write it down. Approximately how much time do you have to find a pen before her address will vanish from your short-term memory?
A) several seconds
B) several minutes
C) less than .5 second
D) less than 1 second

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory typically retains information for about 15-30 seconds unless it is actively rehearsed or encoded into long-term memory.

Question 14

Shamithia is participating in a short-term memory experiment. She has been given a list of words and is asked to recall them after several minutes. One of the words on the list is CAT. Shamithia is most likely to incorrectly recall this word as:
A) RAT
B) CAN
C) KITTY
D) CUT

Accepted Answer

CAT and RAT have similar phonetic sounds and letters, making it likely for Shamithia to mix them up in her memory. The other options are less likely as they do not share as many phonetic similarities with CAT.

Question 15

The best way to learn another language is to live in the country where it is spoken for at least a year. From the perspective of human memory, one reason for this might be that the language is:
A) learned through massed practice
B) learned through spaced practice
C) used enough to become overlearned
D) used enough to become automatic

Accepted Answer

The answer of The best way to learn another language...

Question 16

Professor Smith is doing research on fish. He refuses to learn his students' names because he believes that the names take up space in his long-term memory that could be better used for fish information. He is incorrect because:
A) different types of information, such as facts about fish and names of people, are stored in different parts of memory
B) the students' names would have been stored in short-term memory
C) long-term memory can hold essentially unlimited amounts of information
D) the students' names that are preserved in long-term memory could be replaced later with different information

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory has a vast capacity and can hold essentially unlimited amounts of information, so learning students' names would not prevent Professor Smith from storing information about fish.

Question 17

If you are imagining how you might rearrange your room to have more space, you are using:
A) the visuospatial sketchpad
B) episodic memory
C) iconic memory
D) procedural memory

Accepted Answer

The visuospatial sketchpad is a component of working memory that is responsible for processing visual information, such as spatial relationships between objects. When imagining how to rearrange a room for more space, you are using this component of working memory to mentally picture where different objects could be moved to create more space.

Question 18

An older view of human memory argued that all memories were essentially of the same type. Newer views disagree, arguing that memories involve different:
A) strengths
B) types of neurons
C) interacting systems
D) independent processes

Accepted Answer

Newer views of human memory argue that memories involve interacting systems, meaning that different types of memories are processed and stored using different neural pathways and structures. Therefore, option C is the best choice as it emphasizes the importance of different systems in memory processing. Option A mentions only strength, which is not the main factor distinguishing different types of memories, and option B mentions only neurons, which is only one small aspect of memory processing. Option D mentions independent processes, which is not entirely accurate, as different types of memories still interact with each other in complex ways.

Question 19

While you are at the movies, the person sitting next to you coughs so loudly that you cannot hear part of an actor's line. However, your perception is that you have heard the entire sentence, including the part masked by the cough. This is possible because of:
A) auditory encoding
B) the phonological loop
C) echoic memory
D) auditory rehearsal

Accepted Answer

The phonological loop is a component of working memory that allows us to hold and manipulate auditory information. It helps fill in gaps in auditory information, such as when a cough masks part of a sentence, allowing us to perceive the entire sentence.

Question 20

Students frequently learn the Big Five personality model by using the word OCEAN, where each letter of the word corresponds to the first letter of one of the factors (openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism). These students are using:
A) hierarchies
B) linkage
C) chunking
D) primitive features

Accepted Answer

The students are chunking the five factors into one easily remembered acronym, OCEAN. Chunking is a memory technique where information is broken down into smaller, meaningful groups or chunks to make it easier to remember.

Quiz 7: Attention and Memory

Kumar is trying to answer a question on his government exam. It asks him to name the first three prime ministers of Canada. The search and analysis of information to answer this question is being carried out in by the .

Akila's brother asks her if she knows the names of the capitals of New Brunswick and Manitoba. She instantly knows that the capital of New Brunswick is Fredericton and she does not know the capital of Manitoba. Akila is using her memory to retrieve memories.

If someone asks you who ran for student council president, you will answer from your memory. If someone asks who you voted for, you will answer from your memory.

People have better memories for events that involve negative emotions. According to evolutionary theory, this suggests that negative emotions:

Even though he has already memorized his notes, Hao reviews them every night for the two weeks before the exam. This strategy is likely to his performance due to .

The best argument that long-term memory and short-term memory are separate entities is that:

Which of the following memories are most permanent?

One of the best ways to remember factual information is to relate it to something personal. In this way, you are taking advantage of your memory to aid retrieval from your memory.

If you can remember exactly what you did yesterday but have trouble remembering the names of the 13 provinces, then you have excellent memory but somewhat poor memory.

According to evolutionary theory, the brain is selective about the information that gets stored in long-term memory because:

In a serial position curve, words that are not part of either the primacy or recency effect may be:

A friend gives you her new address over the phone, and you realize that you do not have a pen to write it down. Approximately how much time do you have to find a pen before her address will vanish from your short-term memory?

Shamithia is participating in a short-term memory experiment. She has been given a list of words and is asked to recall them after several minutes. One of the words on the list is CAT. Shamithia is most likely to incorrectly recall this word as:

The best way to learn another language is to live in the country where it is spoken for at least a year. From the perspective of human memory, one reason for this might be that the language is:

Professor Smith is doing research on fish. He refuses to learn his students' names because he believes that the names take up space in his long-term memory that could be better used for fish information. He is incorrect because:

If you are imagining how you might rearrange your room to have more space, you are using:

An older view of human memory argued that all memories were essentially of the same type. Newer views disagree, arguing that memories involve different:

While you are at the movies, the person sitting next to you coughs so loudly that you cannot hear part of an actor's line. However, your perception is that you have heard the entire sentence, including the part masked by the cough. This is possible because of:

Students frequently learn the Big Five personality model by using the word OCEAN, where each letter of the word corresponds to the first letter of one of the factors (openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism) . These students are using: