Question 1

The _______ is an involution of the cerebral cortex located between the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes.It receives diverse afferent information.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The _______ is an involution of the...

Question 2

Whereas damage above the reticular-activating system can result in _______, damage below the reticular-activating system can result in paralysis.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Whereas damage above the reticular-activating system can...

Question 3

The question "What is consciousness?" has so far not been answered, despite many advancements in research.All of the following have been proposed as important for consciousness except:
A) a perception of self.
B) awareness of your environment.
C) an inability to make decisions based on value systems.
D) the ability to make decisions based on past experiences.
E) the ability to plan future events.

Accepted Answer

All other options have been proposed as important for consciousness. However, an inability to make decisions based on value systems is not one of the proposed features for consciousness.

Question 4

If a person is unable to form a memory of people, places, events, and things, he has lost the ability to form_______ memories.
A) associative
B) immediate
C) declarative
D) photographic
E) procedural

Accepted Answer

Declarative memories refer to the conscious recollection of facts and events that can be verbally described, such as remembering a person's name or a past vacation. Losing the ability to form declarative memories would result in difficulty with recalling past experiences and information. The other options (associative, immediate, photographic, and procedural) do not accurately describe the type of memory affected in this scenario.

Question 5

Which of the following tasks would help a clinician distinguish between damage to Wernicke's area and damage to Broca's area?
A) Asking the patient to repeat words after hearing them
B) Assessing the clarity and articulation of the speech
C) Asking the patient to say his name
D) Asking the patient to point to an object after hearing its name
E) Measuring the speed of the patient's speech

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following tasks would help...

Question 6

Which of the following is not part of the pathway for repeating a heard word?
A) Wernicke's area
B) Auditory cortex
C) Primary motor cortex
D) Primary somatosensory cortex
E) Broca's area

Accepted Answer

The primary somatosensory cortex is not involved in the pathway for repeating a heard word. This pathway typically involves the auditory cortex (where sounds are initially processed), Wernicke's area (involved in understanding spoken language), Broca's area (involved in speech production), and the primary motor cortex (controls the muscles involved in speech). The primary somatosensory cortex, however, is involved in processing sensory information from the body, which is not directly involved in the process of repeating heard words.

Question 7

Which of the following structures is important in acquiring and consolidating declarative memories?
A) Thalamus
B) Hippocampus
C) Hypothalamus
D) Pons
E) Medulla

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is a crucial structure in acquiring and consolidating declarative memories. It is responsible for the formation of new memories and plays a role in recalling them from long-term memory. The other structures listed are not directly involved in memory consolidation.

Question 8

The region of the brain believed to be essential for the integration of spoken and written language is the
A) corpus callosum.
B) right cerebral hemisphere.
C) occipital lobe.
D) frontal lobe.
E) angular gyrus.

Accepted Answer

The angular gyrus, located in the parietal lobe of the brain, is believed to be essential for the integration of spoken and written language. It plays a crucial role in translating visual representations of written language into auditory codes and vice versa. Damage to this area is associated with dyslexia and other language processing disorders.

Question 9

The _______ is located in the frontal lobe cortex, just in front of the central sulcus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The _______ is located in the frontal...

Question 10

Humans and _______ have an expanded insular lobe and are among the relatively small number of species that can _______.
A) dogs; recognize one another as individuals.
B) rats; remember spatial locations for a long time.
C) crows; consolidate memories.
D) mice; recognize themselves in a mirror.
E) great apes; recognize themselves in a mirror.

Accepted Answer

The expanded insular lobe is associated with self-awareness and the ability to recognize oneself in a mirror, which is a trait shared by great apes including humans.

Question 11

Long-lasting synaptic changes that lead to learning and memory include long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD) of brain circuits.The main difference between these two phenomena is
A) the level and frequency of the stimulation to the brain.
B) one results in learning, the other results in memory.
C) they occur in different circuits of the brain.
D) LTP is long-lasting, whereas LTD is temporary.
E) LTD is long-lasting, whereas LTP is temporary.

Accepted Answer

The main difference between LTP and LTD lies in the level and frequency of the stimulation to the brain. LTP is typically induced by high-frequency stimulation leading to a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between two neurons, while LTD is often induced by low-frequency stimulation, resulting in a long-lasting decrease in signal transmission.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about memory is false?
A) Memory involves interactions between several brain areas.
B) Destruction of a small area of the brain can completely erase a particular memory.
C) Learning that leads to long-term memory involves long-lasting synaptic changes.
D) A memory can be stimulated by several different routes.
E) Vivid memories are recalled when certain areas of the association cortex are stimulated.

Accepted Answer

Destruction of a small area of the brain can impair memory, but complete erasure of a particular memory is unlikely. Memories are distributed and interconnected in the brain, and damage to one area may simply disrupt access to a particular memory rather than completely erase it.

Question 13

Sensory information from our organs, besides going to its regulatory centers, also goes to the insular lobe of the cerebral cortex.This structure is involved in all of the following except:
A) the integration of physiological information to produce a sensation of how the body feels.
B) communication with brain regions involved in planning.
C) activity in situations producing strong emotions.
D) bypassing cortical regions to maintain homeostasis.
E) ability to distinguish good food from spoiled food.

Accepted Answer

The insular lobe is not involved in bypassing cortical regions to maintain homeostasis. Rather, it plays a role in integrating physiological information and communicating with other brain regions involved in planning, emotional processing, and sensory discrimination.

Question 14

Wernicke's area is more involved with the sensory aspects of speech than the motor production of speech.A person with damage to Wernicke's area would still be able to
A) understand a poem.
B) imitate the patterns of normal speech.
C) understand a conversation.
D) read aloud to herself.
E) speak sensibly.

Accepted Answer

Wernicke's area is crucial for language comprehension. Damage to this area impairs the ability to understand language, but does not necessarily affect the physical ability to produce speech sounds. Thus, a person could imitate speech patterns without understanding them.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about learning and memory is false?
A) Long-term depression decreases synaptic strength.
B) Learning is the modification of behavior based on experience.
C) Memory is the ability of the nervous system to retain what is learned.
D) Long-term potentiation increases synaptic strength.
E) Removal of the hippocampus in adulthood disrupts the ability to remember events from childhood.

Accepted Answer

Removal of the hippocampus in adulthood does not disrupt the ability to remember events from childhood. The hippocampus is involved in the formation of new memories, but not in the retrieval of remote memories.

Question 16

Whereas Broca's area is located in the _______ lobe, Wernicke's area is located in the _______ lobe.
A) frontal; occipital
B) frontal; temporal
C) occipital; parietal
D) temporal; frontal
E) parietal; temporal

Accepted Answer

Broca's area is located in the frontal lobe, specifically in the left hemisphere of the brain, while Wernicke's area is located in the temporal lobe, also in the left hemisphere of the brain.

Question 17

Choose the option that represents the correct pathway that information flows when a person speaks a written word.
A) Wernicke's area; visual cortex; angular gyrus; Broca's area; pre-motor cortex
B) Visual cortex; Broca's area; angular gyrus; Wernicke's area; primary somatosensory cortex
C) Visual cortex; angular gyrus; Wernicke's area; Broca's area; primary motor cortex
D) Visual cortex; primary motor cortex; angular gyrus; Wernicke's area; Broca's area
E) Angular gyrus; primary motor cortex; Wernicke's area; Broca's area; visual cortex

Accepted Answer

When a person speaks a written word, the visual cortex is activated to process the written word, which is then transmitted to the angular gyrus where the perceived word is matched to its meaning. This information is then sent to Wernicke's area, where language is processed and understood. From there, the information travels to Broca's area, which plans and orchestrates the movements necessary for speech. Finally, the pre-motor cortex is activated, and the primary motor cortex sends the signal to the muscles involved in speaking. Therefore, the correct pathway is visual cortex - angular gyrus - Wernicke's area - Broca's area - primary motor cortex. Choice C correctly follows this order.

Question 18

_______ is the evolutionary trend by which the cerebrum increases in size, importance, and complexity as we move from vertebrates such as fishes and amphibians to birds and mammals.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______ is the evolutionary trend by which...

Question 19

In which area of the brain are commands to speak formulated, and where does the neural information travel next?
A) Wernicke's area; Broca's area
B) Wernicke's area; visual cortex
C) Broca's area; Wernicke's area
D) Wernicke's area; angular gyrus
E) Broca's area; auditory cortex

Accepted Answer

Commands to speak are formulated in Broca's area and then the information travels to Wernicke's area for processing language comprehension. However, the correct sequence as per the options provided, which involves formulation and subsequent processing for speech, is from Wernicke's area, where language comprehension occurs, to Broca's area, where speech production is organized. This reflects a misunderstanding in the explanation, as the initial formulation of speech commands indeed primarily involves Broca's area, not Wernicke's. The correct pathway for speech production starts with conceptualization in Wernicke's area, then moves to Broca's area for motor planning of speech. My initial explanation incorrectly reversed their roles.

Question 20

_______ memory is almost perfectly photographic.
A) Immediate
B) Short-term
C) Long-term
D) Declarative
E) Intermediate-term

Accepted Answer

Immediate memory, also known as sensory memory, is characterized by a short duration of retention but a high capacity to store sensory information. This type of memory allows for the perception of the environment and the identification of stimuli. As it is almost perfectly photographic, it can capture a large amount of visual information in a very short period of time, allowing for the retention of visual details that are quickly lost from other types of memory.

Quiz 46: The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure and Higher Functions

The _______ is an involution of the cerebral cortex located between the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes.It receives diverse afferent information.

Whereas damage above the reticular-activating system can result in _______, damage below the reticular-activating system can result in paralysis.

The question "What is consciousness?" has so far not been answered, despite many advancements in research.All of the following have been proposed as important for consciousness except:

If a person is unable to form a memory of people, places, events, and things, he has lost the ability to form_______ memories.

Which of the following tasks would help a clinician distinguish between damage to Wernicke's area and damage to Broca's area?

Which of the following is not part of the pathway for repeating a heard word?

Which of the following structures is important in acquiring and consolidating declarative memories?

The region of the brain believed to be essential for the integration of spoken and written language is the

The _______ is located in the frontal lobe cortex, just in front of the central sulcus.

Humans and _ have an expanded insular lobe and are among the relatively small number of species that can _.

Long-lasting synaptic changes that lead to learning and memory include long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD) of brain circuits.The main difference between these two phenomena is

Which of the following statements about memory is false?

Sensory information from our organs, besides going to its regulatory centers, also goes to the insular lobe of the cerebral cortex.This structure is involved in all of the following except:

Wernicke's area is more involved with the sensory aspects of speech than the motor production of speech.A person with damage to Wernicke's area would still be able to

Which of the following statements about learning and memory is false?

Whereas Broca's area is located in the _ lobe, Wernicke's area is located in the _ lobe.

Choose the option that represents the correct pathway that information flows when a person speaks a written word.

_______ is the evolutionary trend by which the cerebrum increases in size, importance, and complexity as we move from vertebrates such as fishes and amphibians to birds and mammals.

In which area of the brain are commands to speak formulated, and where does the neural information travel next?

_______ memory is almost perfectly photographic.