Question 1

Minimal levels of father care are associated with high levels of
A) stereotyping.
B) discrimination.
C) social scripts.
D) aggression.

Accepted Answer

Minimal levels of father care have been associated with higher levels of aggression in children. This is because the father's involvement is crucial for the emotional and social development of a child, and lack of it can lead to issues in managing aggression and emotions.

Question 2

A passenger in a crowded subway train accidentally stepped on Arnold's foot.Research suggests that Arnold would be most likely to respond aggressively to this incident if he has a
A) lower-than-average level of adrenaline.
B) higher-than-average level of serotonin.
C) higher-than-average level of oxytocin.
D) higher-than-average level of testosterone.

Accepted Answer

Testosterone is known to be associated with aggression and assertiveness. Therefore, if Arnold has a higher-than-average level of testosterone, he is more likely to respond aggressively to the incident in the crowded subway train.

Question 3

German university men administered hotter chili sauce to a woman after listening to women-hating lyrics.The song lyrics provided the university men with
A) discrimination.
B) a social script.
C) ingroup bias.
D) unconscious patronization.

Accepted Answer

The lyrics provided the university men with a social script, or a set of expectations for how to behave in a particular social situation. Specifically, the women-hating lyrics may have primed the men to act in a hostile or aggressive manner towards women, which manifested in their decision to administer hotter chili sauce to a female participant in the study.

Question 4

Brandon has a high facial width-to-height ratio.Which of the following is NOT true regarding Brandon?
A) His facial width is linked to his level of testosterone.
B) He is less likely to act aggressively.
C) His girlfriend is likely to view him as more dominant.
D) He may be irritable,assertive,and impulsive.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that individuals with a higher facial width-to-height ratio tend to exhibit more aggressive behavior, be more assertive and impulsive, and be viewed as more dominant by others. However, there is no evidence to suggest that they are less likely to act aggressively, so option B is the incorrect statement.

Question 5

After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night,Manny let all the air out of the tires.His action is best explained in terms of
A) the just-world phenomenon.
B) ingroup bias.
C) scapegoat theory.
D) the frustration-aggression principle.

Accepted Answer

Manny's action of letting the air out of the tires is an example of the frustration-aggression principle, where frustration can lead to aggressive behavior. In this case, Manny was frustrated by his father's refusal to let him use the family car and expressed his frustration by damaging the car.

Question 6

Which of the following would be the best advice to give parents who are concerned about the frequent aggressive outbursts of their 6-year-old son?
A) "Make a point of rewarding and praising your son whenever he is socially cooperative and altruistic."
B) "Be consistent in spanking your child after every outburst so he'll realize that aggression never pays."
C) "Encourage your son to watch the devastating consequences of violence portrayed on TV."
D) "Don't be concerned about your child's aggressiveness,unless the behavior pattern continues beyond the fifth grade."

Accepted Answer

Punishing aggression can lead to further aggressive behavior and does not address the underlying cause. Instead, reinforcing positive behaviors can help teach children appropriate ways to interact with others. Encouraging children to watch violent TV is not an appropriate solution either. The advice to not be concerned until fifth grade is also not accurate, as early intervention can be key in addressing behavioral issues.

Question 7

A wide economic gulf between a country's rich and poor is especially likely to be associated with
A) hindsight bias.
B) implicit prejudice.
C) high crime rates.
D) the just-world phenomenon.

Accepted Answer

High crime rates are often associated with a wide economic gulf between a country's rich and poor, as economic disparity can lead to increased poverty, frustration, and in some cases, criminal behavior as a means of survival or expression of discontent.

Question 8

In Major League Baseball games,the probability of batters being hit by a pitched ball increases with
A) the batter's age.
B) larger crowd sizes.
C) higher air temperatures.
D) the salary levels of the pitchers.

Accepted Answer

Higher air temperatures cause baseballs to become more "juiced" and batters are more likely to be hit by pitches thrown by pitchers who are trying to pitch inside.

Question 9

Jason was fouled by an unfamiliar opponent during a basketball game at a neighborhood park.His consumption of alcohol prior to the game is most likely to lead him to interpret the foul as
A) funny.
B) his own fault.
C) unintended.
D) a provocation.

Accepted Answer

Consuming alcohol can impair judgment and increase hostility, making a person more likely to interpret a foul as intentional provocation.

Question 10

Culturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations are called
A) social scripts.
B) implicit associations.
C) hindsight bias.
D) outgroup homogeneity.

Accepted Answer

Social scripts refer to culturally modeled guides for behavior in various situations. Implicit associations refer to unconscious biases, hindsight bias refers to the tendency to perceive events as more predictable than they actually were, and outgroup homogeneity refers to the tendency to perceive members of an outgroup as more similar to each other than members of one's own group.

Question 11

Animals that have successfully fought to get food or mates become increasingly ferocious.This best illustrates that aggression is influenced by
A) social scripts.
B) scapegoating.
C) frustration.
D) reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

The statement that animals become increasingly ferocious when they succeed in getting food or mates suggests that their aggression is being reinforced by these successes. Reinforcement is the process by which behavior is strengthened or increased by the presentation of a stimulus. In this case, the successful acquisition of food or mates is reinforcing the animal's aggressive behavior, making them more likely to use aggression in the future. Social scripts, scapegoating, and frustration are not directly relevant to the idea that aggression is influenced by reinforcement.

Question 12

The frustration-aggression principle suggests that anger results when
A) false stereotypes influence perceptions of others.
B) an attempt to achieve some goal is blocked.
C) there are striking differences of opinion among group members.
D) self-awareness and self-restraint are reduced.

Accepted Answer

The frustration-aggression principle suggests that anger results when an attempt to achieve some goal is blocked.

Question 13

Which situation is LEAST likely to produce the level of frustration that could lead to increased violence?
A) foul odors coming from a sewer into a neighborhood
B) increased global temperatures due to global warming
C) a crowded bus with no air conditioning on a hot summer day
D) driving to work,with normal traffic,on a cool fall day

Accepted Answer

Driving to work with normal traffic on a cool fall day is the least likely situation to produce frustration because there are no unpleasant conditions or discomfort. In contrast, options A, B, and C are situations that could cause discomfort or unpleasantness, which could lead to frustration and potentially increased violence.

Question 14

Which of the following individuals is more likely to respond aggressively to a situation?
A) Dale whose brother has a history of picking fights
B) 70-year-old John,who exhibited violent behavior when he was younger.
C) Marcus,who has a history of heavy drinking and high levels of testosterone
D) Samantha,who plays nonviolent video games

Accepted Answer

Marcus's history of heavy drinking and high levels of testosterone can increase his likelihood of responding aggressively in a situation. The other options do not necessarily suggest a higher likelihood of aggressive behavior.

Question 15

High violence rates among White Americans in southern U.S.towns settled by Scots-Irish herders illustrate the impact of ________ on aggression.
A) ingroup bias
B) social influence
C) social scripts
D) hindsight bias

Accepted Answer

Social influence explains the high violence rates among White Americans in southern U.S. towns settled by Scots-Irish herders, as these behaviors can be attributed to cultural norms and values passed down through generations, influencing aggressive behaviors.

Question 16

Among males,a high facial width-to-height ratio,assertiveness,hard drug use,and low tolerance for frustration have been linked with higher-than-average levels of
A) unconscious patronization.
B) testosterone.
C) stereotyping.
D) physical attractiveness.

Accepted Answer

The traits listed in the question, including high facial width-to-height ratio, assertiveness, hard drug use, and low tolerance for frustration, have been linked with higher-than-average levels of testosterone in males.

Question 17

Parent-training programs are most likely to advise parents to avoid
A) implicit prejudice.
B) the other-race effect.
C) modeling violence.
D) hindsight bias.

Accepted Answer

Parent-training programs commonly advise parents to avoid modeling violence as it is harmful to children's development and can increase their tendency towards aggressive behavior. Implicit prejudice (A) and the other-race effect (B) are issues related to cognitive biases and may not be directly addressed in parent-training programs. Hindsight bias (D) is a phenomenon where people tend to overestimate their ability to have predicted an outcome after it has already occurred and is not relevant to parenting advice.

Question 18

Aggressive behavior is most likely to be ________ by injections of testosterone and ________ by consumption of alcohol.
A) increased;decreased
B) decreased;increased
C) increased;increased
D) decreased;decreased

Accepted Answer

Aggressive behavior is likely to be increased by both injections of testosterone, due to its role in facilitating aggressive and dominant behaviors, and by the consumption of alcohol, which can reduce self-control and increase impulsivity, leading to increased aggression.

Question 19

Shortly after learning that he did not make it onto his high school football team,Alex vandalized the team's locker room and broke several of the school's windows.His behavior is best explained in terms of
A) social scripts.
B) the hindsight bias.
C) ingroup bias.
D) the frustration-aggression principle.

Accepted Answer

The frustration-aggression principle suggests that frustration often leads to aggressive behavior. In this case, Alex's frustration at not making the football team may have led him to act out in a violent and destructive way.

Question 20

People heavily exposed to pornography are likely to engage in sexually aggressive behaviors that reflect a misleading
A) hindsight bias.
B) social script.
C) implicit association.
D) ingroup bias.

Accepted Answer

The concept of social scripts refers to the ways in which societal norms and expectations regarding sexual behavior are communicated and reinforced through media and cultural messages, including pornography. Individuals heavily exposed to pornography may internalize these scripts and be more likely to engage in sexually aggressive behaviors that reflect the distorted and unrealistic portrayals of sexual behavior often presented in pornographic media.

Quiz 43: Modifying Illness-Related Behaviors

Minimal levels of father care are associated with high levels of

A passenger in a crowded subway train accidentally stepped on Arnold's foot.Research suggests that Arnold would be most likely to respond aggressively to this incident if he has a

German university men administered hotter chili sauce to a woman after listening to women-hating lyrics.The song lyrics provided the university men with

Brandon has a high facial width-to-height ratio.Which of the following is NOT true regarding Brandon?

After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night,Manny let all the air out of the tires.His action is best explained in terms of

Which of the following would be the best advice to give parents who are concerned about the frequent aggressive outbursts of their 6-year-old son?

A wide economic gulf between a country's rich and poor is especially likely to be associated with

In Major League Baseball games,the probability of batters being hit by a pitched ball increases with

Jason was fouled by an unfamiliar opponent during a basketball game at a neighborhood park.His consumption of alcohol prior to the game is most likely to lead him to interpret the foul as

Culturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations are called

Animals that have successfully fought to get food or mates become increasingly ferocious.This best illustrates that aggression is influenced by

The frustration-aggression principle suggests that anger results when

Which situation is LEAST likely to produce the level of frustration that could lead to increased violence?

Which of the following individuals is more likely to respond aggressively to a situation?

High violence rates among White Americans in southern U.S.towns settled by Scots-Irish herders illustrate the impact of ________ on aggression.

Among males,a high facial width-to-height ratio,assertiveness,hard drug use,and low tolerance for frustration have been linked with higher-than-average levels of

Parent-training programs are most likely to advise parents to avoid

Aggressive behavior is most likely to be by injections of testosterone and by consumption of alcohol.

Shortly after learning that he did not make it onto his high school football team,Alex vandalized the team's locker room and broke several of the school's windows.His behavior is best explained in terms of

People heavily exposed to pornography are likely to engage in sexually aggressive behaviors that reflect a misleading