Question 1

Which research design does NOT control for the effect of confounding variables?​
A) ​A-B
B) ​A-B-A-B
C) ​changing-criterion
D) ​multiple-baseline

Accepted Answer

The A-B design does not control for the effect of confounding variables. This design only measures the behavior before and after the intervention without comparing it to a control group or baseline. It is not possible to rule out the influence of other variables that may have affected the behavior change. The other designs listed (A-B-A-B, changing-criterion, and multiple-baseline) all have some form of control for confounding variables.

Question 2

A researcher is interested in measuring the hitting and screaming behaviors of a child,treating the hitting first,and treating the screaming later.To do this,the researcher would use a(n)____________ design.​
A) ​multiple-baseline-across-settings
B) ​multiple-baseline-across-behaviors
C) ​A-B-A-B
D) ​alternating treatments

Accepted Answer

The multiple-baseline-across-behaviors design allows the researcher to measure the effects of the treatment on two different behaviors (hitting and screaming) and to apply the treatment to one behavior (hitting) before applying it to the other (screaming). The other options do not allow for the sequential treatment of two behaviors.

Question 3

​To determine whether a new drug decreases self-injurious behavior,the researcher measures self-injurious behavior while giving a subject the drug on even numbered days and giving a placebo on odd numbered days for two weeks.This is an example of a(n)____________________ design.
A) ​multiple baseline across settings
B) ​changing criterion
C) ​multiple baseline across behaviors
D) ​alternating treatments

Accepted Answer

This design is known as an alternating treatments design, where the researcher alternates between giving the subject the drug and giving them a placebo on different days. This allows for a direct comparison between the effects of the drug and the placebo on the subject's self-injurious behavior.

Question 4

In an A-B-A-B design,B refers to ______________ and A refers to _________________.​
A) ​baseline;assessment
B) ​baseline;treatment
C) ​treatment;baseline
D) ​dependent variable;independent variable

Accepted Answer

In an A-B-A-B design, "A" refers to the baseline phase where no intervention is applied, and "B" refers to the treatment phase where the intervention is implemented.

Question 5

A critical feature of multiple-baseline designs is that:​
A) ​baselines differ in length
B) ​treatment is staggered over time
C) ​A and B
D) ​none of these

Accepted Answer

Multiple-baseline designs involve staggered treatment across different baseline conditions. These designs are often used in situations where it is not feasible or ethical to withdraw treatment once it has been introduced. Additionally, the length of baseline periods may vary between different participants or different behaviors being measured. Therefore, both A and B are correct.

Question 6

Which research design is referred to as a reversal design?​
A) ​A-B
B) ​A-B-A-B
C) ​Multiple-baseline
D) ​Changing-criterion

Accepted Answer

A reversal design, also known as a withdrawal design, involves alternating between a baseline phase (A) and an intervention phase (B) to determine whether the intervention is responsible for any changes in behavior. The A-B-A-B design is a type of reversal design that involves implementing the intervention twice and then returning to baseline twice to establish experimental control. Two reversals increase the experimental control, because it allows for replication of findings.

Question 7

To determine whether a new drug decreases self-injurious behavior,the researcher measures the self-injurious behavior of 3 children,and then gives the drug to the first child after one week.After two weeks of baseline,the second child gets the drug and after 3 weeks of baseline,the third child gets the drug.This is an example of a(n)___________ design.​
A) ​multiple baseline across subjects
B) ​changing criterion
C) ​multiple baseline across behaviors
D) ​alternating treatments

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a multiple baseline across subjects design, where the intervention (in this case, the drug) is introduced at different times across different subjects (the three children) to control for the effects of maturation and other external variables.

Question 8

Billy has trouble sitting still in class,so his teacher implements a program in which she praises Billy for staying in his seat.Billy's sitting behavior increases,and the teacher concludes her praise was responsible.The teacher does not realize Billy has started taking medication that causes fatigue.The medication would be an example of a(n)__________ variable.​
A) ​independent
B) ​extraneous
C) ​dependent
D) ​behavioral

Accepted Answer

The medication is an extraneous variable, meaning it is a variable that could impact the behavior being studied but is not intentionally manipulated by the researchers. In this case, the teacher did not account for the medication and therefore cannot conclude that her praise is solely responsible for the increase in Billy's sitting behavior. The independent variable is what the researchers intentionally manipulate (in this case, it would be the presence or absence of praise), the dependent variable is the behavior being measured (sitting behavior), and the behavioral variable is not relevant to this scenario.

Question 9

A researcher records a child's crying behavior when the child is at school and when the child is at home and provides treatment at school then at home.The researcher is using a(n)_____________ design.​
A) ​A-B-A-B
B) ​multiple-baseline-across-settings
C) ​changing-criterion
D) ​multiple-baseline-across-behaviors

Accepted Answer

The researcher is using a multiple-baseline-across-settings design because they are measuring the child's crying behavior in two different settings (school and home) and applying treatment in both settings. They are looking for a change in behavior across both settings to determine the effectiveness of the treatment. The A-B-A-B design involves repeatedly removing and reintroducing the treatment, which is not happening in this study. Changing-criterion designs involve changing the target behavior incrementally, which is also not happening in this study. Finally, the multiple-baseline-across-behaviors design involves measuring multiple behaviors and applying treatment to each one separately, which is not happening in this study.

Question 10

​A researcher demonstrates that receiving gold stickers for completing math problems increases the number of problems that a student finishes.The researcher has demonstrated a _____________ relationship between receiving gold stickers and completing math problems.
A) ​correlational
B) ​functional
C) ​perfect
D) ​two-way

Accepted Answer

The researcher has demonstrated a functional relationship between receiving gold stickers and completing math problems, because the behavior of receiving gold stickers (as a consequence) increases the behavior of completing math problems (as a response). Correlational relationships refer to the extent to which two variables are related but do not necessarily imply causation. Perfect relationships entail a constant ratio or proportion between two variables, while two-way relationships imply a mutual influence or feedback between two variables.

Question 11

​What should be taken into account before using an A-B-A-B design?
A) ​Is it ethical to remove treatment?
B) ​Can treatment be removed?
C) ​Will the level of behavior reverse?
D) ​all of these

Accepted Answer

All of these should be taken into account before using an A-B-A-B design. It is important to consider the ethical implications of removing treatment, the feasibility of removing treatment, and the likelihood that the behavior will reverse once treatment is removed.

Question 12

​A researcher records the hair pulling behavior of three different children in a classroom and implements treatment at a different time for each child.The researcher is using a(n)_____________ design.
A) ​multiple-baseline-across-behaviors
B) ​multiple-baseline-across-subjects
C) ​alternating-treatments
D) ​changing-criterion

Accepted Answer

The researcher is implementing treatment at a different time for each child, which indicates the use of a multiple-baseline-across-subjects design. This design involves implementing the treatment at different times for each participant to determine if the treatment has an effect on the targeted behavior. The other options do not match the given scenario.

Question 13

In behavior modification,a research design is used to:​
A) ​determine if the treatment changed the behavior
B) ​control the target behavior
C) ​make it easier to change the behavior
D) ​A and B

Accepted Answer

The answer of In behavior modification,a research design is used...

Question 14

A teacher records the biting behavior of a child before and after treatment is implemented.This is an example of a(n)____________ design.​
A) A-B-A-B​
B) ​A-B
C) Multiple-baseline​
D) ​Alternating treatments

Accepted Answer

The given scenario describes a basic A-B design where the behavior of biting is observed before (baseline - A) and after (treatment - B) the implementation of a new intervention. In this design, there is no reversal to baseline phase (A-B-A), no multiple behaviors or baselines (Multiple-baseline), and no alternate interventions (Alternating treatments). Therefore, option B is the best answer.

Question 15

Which of the following is a type of multiple-baseline design?​
A) ​across-subjects
B) ​across- staff
C) ​across-time
D) ​all of these

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is a type...

Question 16

The research design in which there are increasing (or decreasing)goal levels for the target behavior is referred to as a(n)____________ design.​
A) alternating-treatments​
B) ​changing-criterion
C) ​multiple-baseline
D) ​A-B-A-B

Accepted Answer

The changing-criterion design involves setting increasing (or decreasing) goal levels for the target behavior in order to determine the effectiveness of the intervention. The other options listed (alternating-treatments, multiple-baseline, and A-B-A-B) all involve different research designs with distinct features and purposes.

Question 17

In a(n)_____________ research design,baseline and treatment conditions are conducted in rapid succession and compared to each other.​
A) ​A-B-A-B
B) ​multiple-baseline
C) ​changing-criterion
D) ​alternating-treatments

Accepted Answer

An alternating-treatments design involves rapidly alternating conditions to compare the effects of different treatments or interventions, allowing for direct comparison within the same study.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of an A-B design?​
A) ​it is used to compare baseline and treatment
B) ​it is used in applied settings
C) ​it demonstrates a functional relationship
D) ​it is the simplest type of design

Accepted Answer

An A-B design involves comparing a baseline (A) with a treatment (B) but does not typically demonstrate a functional relationship because it lacks a repeated measures component (like reintroducing the baseline) to show that changes in behavior are functionally related to the intervention.

Question 19

​An A-B design does not demonstrate a functional relationship between the treatment and the target behavior because there is no:
A) ​change in the target behavior
B) statistical test of significance​
C) ​replication
D) ​validation

Accepted Answer

A-B design lacks replication which is a crucial element to demonstrate a functional relationship between the treatment and the target behavior. Without replication, it is impossible to determine if the changes observed in the target behavior were due to the treatment or other extraneous variables. The other options such as a change in the target behavior, statistical test of significance or validation are necessary but not sufficient conditions to demonstrate a functional relationship between the treatment and the target behavior.

Question 20

​In behavior modification,a research design involves:
A) ​estimation
B) ​treatment implementation
C) ​replication
D) ​B and C

Accepted Answer

A research design in behavior modification involves treatment implementation as well as replication in order to establish the effectiveness and reliability of the intervention. Estimation may be a part of the process, but it is not a key component of a research design in behavior modification. Therefore, the best choice is D, which includes both treatment implementation and replication.

Quiz 3: A: Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change

Which research design does NOT control for the effect of confounding variables?

A researcher is interested in measuring the hitting and screaming behaviors of a child,treating the hitting first,and treating the screaming later.To do this,the researcher would use a(n) ____________ design.

To determine whether a new drug decreases self-injurious behavior,the researcher measures self-injurious behavior while giving a subject the drug on even numbered days and giving a placebo on odd numbered days for two weeks.This is an example of a(n) ____________________ design.

In an A-B-A-B design,B refers to and A refers to ___.

A critical feature of multiple-baseline designs is that:

Which research design is referred to as a reversal design?

A researcher records a child's crying behavior when the child is at school and when the child is at home and provides treatment at school then at home.The researcher is using a(n) _____________ design.

A researcher demonstrates that receiving gold stickers for completing math problems increases the number of problems that a student finishes.The researcher has demonstrated a _____________ relationship between receiving gold stickers and completing math problems.

What should be taken into account before using an A-B-A-B design?

A researcher records the hair pulling behavior of three different children in a classroom and implements treatment at a different time for each child.The researcher is using a(n) _____________ design.

In behavior modification,a research design is used to:

A teacher records the biting behavior of a child before and after treatment is implemented.This is an example of a(n) ____________ design.

Which of the following is a type of multiple-baseline design?

The research design in which there are increasing (or decreasing) goal levels for the target behavior is referred to as a(n) ____________ design.

In a(n) _____________ research design,baseline and treatment conditions are conducted in rapid succession and compared to each other.

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of an A-B design?

An A-B design does not demonstrate a functional relationship between the treatment and the target behavior because there is no:

In behavior modification,a research design involves:

Quiz 3: A: Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change

Which research design does NOT control for the effect of confounding variables?​

A researcher is interested in measuring the hitting and screaming behaviors of a child,treating the hitting first,and treating the screaming later.To do this,the researcher would use a(n) ____________ design.​

​To determine whether a new drug decreases self-injurious behavior,the researcher measures self-injurious behavior while giving a subject the drug on even numbered days and giving a placebo on odd numbered days for two weeks.This is an example of a(n) ____________________ design.

In an A-B-A-B design,B refers to ______________ and A refers to _________________.​

A critical feature of multiple-baseline designs is that:​

Which research design is referred to as a reversal design?​

A researcher records a child's crying behavior when the child is at school and when the child is at home and provides treatment at school then at home.The researcher is using a(n) _____________ design.​

​A researcher demonstrates that receiving gold stickers for completing math problems increases the number of problems that a student finishes.The researcher has demonstrated a _____________ relationship between receiving gold stickers and completing math problems.

​What should be taken into account before using an A-B-A-B design?

​A researcher records the hair pulling behavior of three different children in a classroom and implements treatment at a different time for each child.The researcher is using a(n) _____________ design.

In behavior modification,a research design is used to:​

A teacher records the biting behavior of a child before and after treatment is implemented.This is an example of a(n) ____________ design.​

Which of the following is a type of multiple-baseline design?​

The research design in which there are increasing (or decreasing) goal levels for the target behavior is referred to as a(n) ____________ design.​

In a(n) _____________ research design,baseline and treatment conditions are conducted in rapid succession and compared to each other.​

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of an A-B design?​

​An A-B design does not demonstrate a functional relationship between the treatment and the target behavior because there is no:

​In behavior modification,a research design involves: