Question 1

Give an example of a behavior that appears to be imitation but can also be explained by contagion.Explain how contagion would give rise to this behavior.

Accepted Answer

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Question 2

People with frontal-lobe damage who exhibit deficits in the ability to imitate:
A)can still imitate an action when instructed to do so.
B)can still imitate an action when they observe someone performing the action.
C)may have problems with inhibiting imitation.
D)usually show deficits in executive-control functions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of People with frontal-lobe damage who exhibit deficits...

Question 3

Stimulus matching refers to:
A)copying the exact actions that are observed.
B)directly comparing a generated stimulus with an observed stimulus.
C)copying the end result of a behavior that is observed.
D)being able to imagine oneself in the place of another person.

Accepted Answer

Stimulus matching involves directly comparing a generated stimulus with an observed stimulus. This is different from copying exact actions (A) or copying the end result of a behavior (C). Imagining oneself in the place of another person (D) refers to empathy, which is not quite the same as stimulus matching.

Question 4

Give an example of a behavior that appears to be imitation but can also be explained by observational conditioning.Explain how observational conditioning would give rise to this behavior.

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Question 5

What has research shown regarding viewing violence in the media and aggression?
A)Viewing violent media has little effect on aggressive behavior.
B)Viewing violent media can reduce aggressive behavior.
C)Viewing violent media can increase aggressive behavior.
D)The results have been mostly inconclusive.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that there is a correlation between viewing violence in the media and an increase in aggressive behavior, especially in children and adolescents. This is because exposure to violent media can desensitize individuals to violent behavior and make it more acceptable to them. However, it is important to note that other factors such as personal disposition, upbringing, and social environment can also contribute to aggressive behavior.

Question 6

Give an example of something you seem to have learned through social (observational)learning.Explain why you think this involves social learning rather than other forms of learning.

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Question 7

Give an example of a behavior that involves true imitation and one that involves emulation.

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Question 8

According to modern social learning theory,learning occurs as a result of:
A)observation.
B)conditioning.
C)both observation and conditioning.
D)both observation and performance of the behavior.

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Question 9

Describe Bandura's studies of modeling.What were the main findings of his research?

Accepted Answer

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Question 10

Why is it difficult to predict how observations will affect future behavior?

Accepted Answer

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Question 11

Tony is excited when he watches his high school football team win the championship.He decides to try out for the team the following year,hoping that he will get to enjoy the same excitement he observes in the players he sees on the team.His behavior demonstrates that people are more likely to copy models:
A)who are similar to themselves.
B)whom they admire.
C)when the outcome is desirable.
D)when they have the motor capabilities to perform the same actions.

Accepted Answer

Tony's behavior of trying out for the football team is an example of copying a model when the outcome is desirable. He observed the excitement and fulfillment the football players experienced from winning the championship and wants to have the same outcome.

Question 12

Which species are the only mammals other than humans that are known to be able to flexibly imitate sounds?
A)dogs
B)birds
C)dolphins
D)whales

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Question 13

When one dog starts sniffing the ground for a potential scrap of food,other dogs' attention may be drawn to that part of the ground,and they may copy this sniffing behavior.This is an example of:
A)observational conditioning.
B)stimulus enhancement.
C)social conformity.
D)contagion.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of stimulus enhancement, which is when one individual's behavior draws attention to a particular stimulus and encourages others to investigate it. In this case, the first dog's sniffing behavior draws the attention of other dogs to the area where potential food may be found, leading them to also engage in sniffing behavior. It is not observational conditioning because there is no reward or punishment involved, nor is it social conformity because the dogs are not necessarily conforming to a norm or social expectation. Contagion refers to the spread of behaviors through a population without necessarily being driven by a specific cause or reason, which is not quite the case here.

Question 14

In a dog kennel,if one dog starts barking,there is a tendency for the rest of the dogs to also start barking.This is an example of:
A)observational conditioning.
B)stimulus enhancement.
C)vocal learning.
D)contagion.

Accepted Answer

Contagion refers to the spread of behavior through social transmission, such as when one individual's behavior elicits a similar response in others. In this case, one dog barking is likely to elicit a response in other dogs to also start barking just because they hear it happening. This is often seen in group-living animals, such as dogs, who use barking as a form of communication. The other answer choices are not as fitting for this scenario. Observational conditioning involves learning by observing the behavior of others and its consequences, whereas stimulus enhancement is the process by which an animal is drawn to a particular object or location by the presence or behavior of another animal. Vocal learning is the ability to learn and produce new vocalizations based on experience.

Question 15

What is the two-action test? How can it be used to demonstrate whether true imitation is occurring?

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Question 16

In songbirds,neurons in ________ behave like mirror neurons in monkeys.
A)the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA)and the high vocal center (HVC)
B)area X
C)the basal ganglia
D)the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (LMAN)

Accepted Answer

The robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA) and the high vocal center (HVC) are both involved in song production in songbirds. Studies have shown that neurons in RA and HVC exhibit mirror-like firing patterns, similar to mirror neurons in monkeys. This means that these neurons are activated not only when the bird hears its own song, but also when it hears the songs of other birds that are similar to its own. This suggests that these neurons may play a role in song learning and social interactions in birds.

Question 17

Autistic children:
A)have reduced intellectual abilities.
B)have more trouble imitating individual actions than sequences of actions.
C)cannot recognize when they are being imitated.
D)show more impairment of meaningless gestures than meaningful ones.

Accepted Answer

Autistic children show more impairment in understanding and producing meaningless gestures compared to meaningful ones.

Question 18

The third phase of song learning in songbirds involves:
A)memorizing songs.
B)practicing songs.
C)comparing their own songs to memories of songs they have heard in the past.
D)learning when it is appropriate to sing.

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Question 19

According to studies of social transmission of food preferences in rats,which brain area(s)seem particularly important for learning of novel food preferences from demonstrator rats?
A)basal forebrain
B)basal forebrain and cortex
C)hippocampus and cortex
D)hippocampus

Accepted Answer

The basal forebrain and cortex are particularly important for learning of novel food preferences from demonstrator rats.

Question 20

Mirror neurons are neurons that respond:
A)during both performance and visual observation of an action.
B)when an organism performs an action that is the opposite of the observed action.
C)during true imitation but not during emulation.
D)during observational learning in which visual feedback occurs.

Accepted Answer

Mirror neurons respond during both the performance and visual observation of an action. They are considered important in social cognition, empathy, and understanding the actions and intentions of others.

Quiz 11: Social Learning and Memory: Observing, Interacting, and Reenacting

Give an example of a behavior that appears to be imitation but can also be explained by contagion.Explain how contagion would give rise to this behavior.

People with frontal-lobe damage who exhibit deficits in the ability to imitate:

Stimulus matching refers to:

Give an example of a behavior that appears to be imitation but can also be explained by observational conditioning.Explain how observational conditioning would give rise to this behavior.

What has research shown regarding viewing violence in the media and aggression?

Give an example of something you seem to have learned through social (observational)learning.Explain why you think this involves social learning rather than other forms of learning.

Give an example of a behavior that involves true imitation and one that involves emulation.

According to modern social learning theory,learning occurs as a result of:

Describe Bandura's studies of modeling.What were the main findings of his research?

Why is it difficult to predict how observations will affect future behavior?

Which species are the only mammals other than humans that are known to be able to flexibly imitate sounds?

When one dog starts sniffing the ground for a potential scrap of food,other dogs' attention may be drawn to that part of the ground,and they may copy this sniffing behavior.This is an example of:

In a dog kennel,if one dog starts barking,there is a tendency for the rest of the dogs to also start barking.This is an example of:

What is the two-action test? How can it be used to demonstrate whether true imitation is occurring?

In songbirds,neurons in ________ behave like mirror neurons in monkeys.

Autistic children:

The third phase of song learning in songbirds involves:

According to studies of social transmission of food preferences in rats,which brain area(s) seem particularly important for learning of novel food preferences from demonstrator rats?

Mirror neurons are neurons that respond: