Question 1

Watching the TV show Teletubbies is MOST likely to lead to imitation by child viewers if the:
A)environment in which the Teletubbies live is simple and colorful.
B)Teletubbies occasionally behave aggressively rather than cooperatively.
C)Teletubbies speak using a normal adult voice.
D)children perceive the Teletubbies as being similar to themselves.

Accepted Answer

Identification with the characters on screen is a strong predictor of imitation, so if children perceive the Teletubbies as being similar to themselves, they are more likely to imitate their behavior. Factors such as simplicity and colorfulness of the environment or the way the characters speak are less important in this case. It is also less likely that aggressive behavior would be imitated, as children tend to imitate positive and cooperative behavior.

Question 2

Which of the following is true regarding vocal learning in songbirds?
A)Baby birds raised without contact with their own species still learn their own song.
B)If young birds are exposed to both the songs of their own species and the songs of a different species,they will readily learn both species' songs.
C)The songs that birds sing are genetically predetermined.
D)The songs that birds sing can show differences in dialect.

Accepted Answer

Vocal learning in songbirds involves learning from adult birds of the same species, and the songs that birds sing can show differences in dialect, varying even between populations of the same species. A and C are incorrect because vocal learning is a necessary component of birdsong development, and birds do not simply inherit their songs genetically. B is incorrect because birds generally only learn and produce the songs of their own species, rather than readily learning the songs of other species.

Question 3

The tendency to adopt the behavior of the group is known as:
A)observational conditioning.
B)social conformity.
C)emulation.
D)perspective taking.

Accepted Answer

Social conformity refers to an individual's tendency to conform to the behavior and attitudes of a particular group or society. This can happen consciously or unconsciously, and can occur in various social situations such as peer pressure, societal norms, and cultural traditions.

Question 4

Studies of social transmission of food preferences in rats have shown that:
A)rats are more likely to eat a novel food if they smell the food on another rat's breath after observing the other rat eating the food.
B)a novel food can become a preferred food if a rat observes another rat eating the food,even if the observer rat never smells the food.
C)food preferences that are learned through observation are not passed down to subsequent generations.
D)rats can learn to eat,but not to avoid,novel foods by observing another rat eating the food.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Studies of social transmission of food preferences...

Question 5

When copying involves generating stimuli that can be directly compared with the originally observed stimuli,it is called:
A)true imitation.
B)stimulus matching.
C)emulation.
D)perspective taking.

Accepted Answer

Stimulus matching involves generating stimuli that closely match the previously observed stimuli, allowing for direct comparison. True imitation involves reproducing the exact actions or behavior of the observed individual. Emulation involves achieving the same end result as the observed individual using different actions or methods. Perspective taking involves understanding and empathizing with the perspective of the observed individual.

Question 6

The ability to be good at singing karaoke seems to depend on having:
A)good vocal imitation abilities.
B)a near-perfect memory of what the original song sounds like.
C)practiced a lot in the past.
D)many friends who are good at singing karaoke.

Accepted Answer

Good vocal imitation abilities are necessary to accurately mimic and sing along with the original song during karaoke. A perfect memory or past practice can certainly help, but without the ability to imitate the vocals, the performance will likely fall short. Having friends who are good at karaoke can provide support and encouragement, but does not directly contribute to one's ability to sing well.

Question 7

According to the template model of song learning,a songbird performs stimulus matching during the:
A)first stage.
B)second stage.
C)third stage.
D)all three stages.

Accepted Answer

The second stage of the template model of song learning is called the sensorimotor stage, where the songbird matches its own vocal output to a memorized song template. This is when stimulus matching occurs, so the correct choice is B. The first stage is the sensory stage, where the songbird hears and memorizes the song. The third stage is the sensorimotor plasticity stage, where the songbird is able to modify and improve its own song based on feedback.

Question 8

According to modern social learning theory,in order for a teenaged boy to learn to do his homework,he must:
A)observe someone else being rewarded for doing homework.
B)observe someone else being rewarded for doing homework,and be rewarded himself for imitating that behavior.
C)be rewarded for doing his homework without having observed anyone else doing homework.
D)observe someone else being rewarded for doing homework,be rewarded himself for imitating that behavior,and be able to take the perspective of the person he observed doing homework.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to modern social learning theory,in order...

Question 9

Which of the following is true regarding violent entertainment and aggressive behavior?
A)The rate of homicides increased after TV was introduced,even in countries where TV was banned.
B)Level of arousal does not seem to play a role in the likelihood of a person behaving aggressively.
C)Children who play violent video games behave more aggressively than children who play nonviolent video games.
D)Children who watch the same violent TV show multiple times are more likely to behave aggressively than children who watch that same show only once.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that children who play violent video games are more likely to behave aggressively than those who play nonviolent games. However, it is important to note that this correlation does not necessarily mean causation, as other factors could be involved in aggressive behavior.

Question 10

Research suggests that viewing violence on TV:
A)can increase the likelihood that a child will behave aggressively immediately after viewing a violent TV show.
B)can lead to positive outcomes when people imitate nonviolent "heroes" in otherwise-violent TV shows.
C)is much more likely to lead to aggression than is reading about violence or seeing violence in a play.
D)can decrease a person's arousal level such that the person behaves less aggressively.

Accepted Answer

Research has found that exposure to violent media, including TV shows, can increase the likelihood of aggressive behavior in children. This effect is more immediate than long-term and depends on various factors such as age, gender, personality, and context. However, it is important to note that not all children who watch violent TV shows will become aggressive, and there are ways to mitigate this risk, such as parental mediation, media literacy, and prosocial modeling.

Question 11

What is the MOST extensively studied form of vocal learning?
A)speech learning in human infants
B)vocalizations in dolphins
C)song learning in birds
D)speech learning in chimpanzees

Accepted Answer

Song learning in birds, particularly in species such as canaries and zebra finches, has been extensively studied and is well-understood. Scientists have identified specific neural pathways, brain regions, and molecular mechanisms involved in song learning and production in birds. Furthermore, the ability of birds to learn complex songs has been used as a model for studying vocal learning in other animals, including humans. While speech learning in human infants and speech learning in chimpanzees have also been studied, they are not as extensively studied or well-understood as song learning in birds. Vocalizations in dolphins have also been studied, but they are not a form of vocal learning, as dolphins are born with the ability to produce a variety of vocalizations without learning from others.

Question 12

If we wanted to encourage 8-year-old Tina to read,who would be the best person to serve as a model?
A)another 8-year-old girl
B)an 8-year-old boy
C)a teenaged girl
D)a teenaged boy

Accepted Answer

A child who is the same age and gender as Tina may be a relatable and inspiring model for her to emulate in reading.

Question 13

Which of the following is true?
A)No mammals other than humans can imitate vocalizations as well as birds can.
B)There are a lot of mammals that are good at imitating vocalizations.
C)Humans do not begin to imitate vocalizations until they are about 8 months old.
D)Animals that do not naturally imitate vocalizations can learn the skill.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is true?
A)No mammals...

Question 14

The only mammals other than humans that can learn to sing a song by hearing it are:
A)chimpanzees.
B)dolphins.
C)gorillas.
D)whales.

Accepted Answer

Whales are the only mammals other than humans that can learn to sing a song by hearing it. They are known for their complex and beautiful songs, which they use for communication and courting. While chimpanzees, dolphins, and gorillas are all intelligent and capable of learning, they do not have the ability to learn to sing in the same way that whales do.

Question 15

John's friends don't smoke,but many of John's favorite movie stars do smoke.John has decided to take up smoking.His behavior demonstrates that people are more likely to copy models:
A)who are similar to themselves.
B)whom they admire.
C)when the outcome is desirable.
D)when they have stored a memory of the model performing the behavior.

Accepted Answer

John is more likely to copy movie stars whom he admires, even though he knows his friends do not smoke. This shows that admiration and influence from important figures can strongly impact behavior.

Question 16

Which of the following is true?
A)All animals that can vocalize can learn to do it by using vocal imitation.
B)All animals that can vocalize can learn vocally to some extent.
C)All animals can learn vocally.
D)All animals that vocally learn must be able to vocally imitate.

Accepted Answer

While it is not necessarily true that all animals can learn vocally, it is true that all animals that can vocalize are capable of some degree of vocal learning. This does not necessarily require vocal imitation, as some animals (such as parrots) may be able to learn by simply hearing and repeating sounds. However, vocal imitation is one way that animals can learn vocalizations.

Question 17

Imagine you are attending a very fancy dinner for the first time.You learn which utensils to use for each course of the meal by watching which utensils the other guests use.This demonstrates:
A)observational conditioning.
B)stimulus enhancement.
C)social transmission of information.
D)contagion.

Accepted Answer

This scenario demonstrates social transmission of information, where the individual learns by observing the behavior of others in the social context. The individual learns from the actions of other guests, who serve as models for which utensils to use for each course of the meal. Observational conditioning (A) involves learning through observation of the consequences of others' behavior and is not relevant in this scenario. Stimulus enhancement (B) involves the attention drawn to particular objects or features in the environment due to the behavior of others and is not applicable in this scenario. Contagion (D) refers to the spread of infectious disease, which is not relevant in this scenario.

Question 18

It was observed that some birds in England were learning to puncture the tops of milk bottles to get the cream.One explanation was that the birds' attention was being drawn to the milk bottles by other birds that had discovered this "trick." Which phenomenon does this explanation demonstrate?
A)observational conditioning
B)contagion
C)imitation
D)stimulus enhancement

Accepted Answer

Stimulus enhancement occurs when the presence or actions of one individual draw the attention of another to a particular object or location, increasing the likelihood that the observer will interact with it. In this case, the birds' attention is drawn to the milk bottles by other birds, demonstrating stimulus enhancement.

Question 19

According to the template model of song learning,the first phase of song learning in songbirds involves:
A)memorizing songs.
B)practicing songs.
C)comparing a bird's own songs to memories of songs it has heard in the past.
D)learning when it is appropriate to sing.

Accepted Answer

The first phase of song learning in songbirds, according to the template model, involves memorizing songs. This phase is crucial as it sets the foundation for later stages where the bird practices and refines its song.

Question 20

The process in which an observer learns something new through experiences with others is called:
A)observational conditioning.
B)stimulus enhancement.
C)social transmission of information.
D)contagion.

Accepted Answer

Social transmission of information is the process in which an observer learns something new through experiences with others. This can include learning from social cues, gaining new skills or knowledge, and adopting cultural traditions or behaviors. This is different from observational conditioning, which involves learning through the observation of consequences for certain behaviors, and stimulus enhancement, which involves an increase in attention to a particular object or area due to the presence of another individual. Contagion refers to the spread of a behavior or idea through a group of individuals, often without deliberate intention or understanding.

Quiz 11: Social Learning and Memory: Observing, Interacting, and Reenacting

Watching the TV show Teletubbies is MOST likely to lead to imitation by child viewers if the:

Which of the following is true regarding vocal learning in songbirds?

The tendency to adopt the behavior of the group is known as:

Studies of social transmission of food preferences in rats have shown that:

When copying involves generating stimuli that can be directly compared with the originally observed stimuli,it is called:

The ability to be good at singing karaoke seems to depend on having:

According to the template model of song learning,a songbird performs stimulus matching during the:

According to modern social learning theory,in order for a teenaged boy to learn to do his homework,he must:

Which of the following is true regarding violent entertainment and aggressive behavior?

Research suggests that viewing violence on TV:

What is the MOST extensively studied form of vocal learning?

If we wanted to encourage 8-year-old Tina to read,who would be the best person to serve as a model?

Which of the following is true?

The only mammals other than humans that can learn to sing a song by hearing it are:

John's friends don't smoke,but many of John's favorite movie stars do smoke.John has decided to take up smoking.His behavior demonstrates that people are more likely to copy models:

Which of the following is true?

Imagine you are attending a very fancy dinner for the first time.You learn which utensils to use for each course of the meal by watching which utensils the other guests use.This demonstrates:

It was observed that some birds in England were learning to puncture the tops of milk bottles to get the cream.One explanation was that the birds' attention was being drawn to the milk bottles by other birds that had discovered this "trick." Which phenomenon does this explanation demonstrate?

According to the template model of song learning,the first phase of song learning in songbirds involves:

The process in which an observer learns something new through experiences with others is called: