Question 1

Which of the following statements would probably not be made by a Classical School criminologist?
A) I believe that punishment is necessary to deter offenders from recidivating
B) I believe that people have certain basic rights and if the government infringes upon these rights, it should be dissolved
C) I believe that people's behavior is determined by pain and pleasure
D) I believe that forces beyond a person's control can affect his or her involvement in criminal behavior

Accepted Answer

Classical School criminologists focus on the idea that individuals have free will and make rational choices to commit crimes based on a cost-benefit analysis (pain vs. pleasure). They do not typically consider forces beyond a person's control as determinants of criminal behavior, which is more aligned with the Positivist School of criminology.

Question 2

According to Cesare Beccaria, the purpose of punishment should be
A) retribution.
B) rehabilitation.
C) incapacitation.
D) deterrence.

Accepted Answer

According to Cesare Beccaria, punishment should serve as a deterrent to prevent future crimes. He believed that punishment should be swift, certain, and proportionate to the crime committed in order to deter others from committing similar acts. Beccaria's ideas formed the basis of the classical school of criminology, which emphasized the importance of rationality and deterrence in criminal justice.

Question 3

An individual who dresses in an unusual way is most likely to be violating a ________ of his or her social group.
A) more
B) folkway
C) law
D) contract

Accepted Answer

Folkways are informal norms that reflect cultural traditions and values, including dress codes. Violating a folkway may result in social disapproval or ostracism but is not punishable by law. Therefore, an individual who dresses in an unusual way is most likely to be violating a folkway.

Question 4

According to the key principles of Classical Criminology, the purpose of punishment is to
A) treat an offender the way he or she deserves.
B) treat an offender the same way he or she treated the victim.
C) deter an offender from future criminal involvement.
D) rehabilitate an offender.

Accepted Answer

According to Classical Criminology, the purpose of punishment is to deter an offender from future criminal involvement. This means that the punishment should be severe enough to discourage the offender from committing the same crime again, and also serve as an example to others who may be considering similar criminal behavior. Classical Criminology places a strong emphasis on the rational calculation of cost and benefit, and thus punishment is seen as a means to deter future criminal activity.

Question 5

Positivism is based on an acceptance of
A) free will.
B) soft determinism.
C) hard determinism.
D) individual choice.

Accepted Answer

Positivism is based on the idea of hard determinism, which suggests that all human behavior is predetermined by factors such as biology, environment and past experiences. This perspective takes a deterministic view of human behavior, and emphasizes the idea that people do not have free will as they are ultimately bound by these determinants.

Question 6

The Panopticon was designed by
A) William Sumner.
B) Cesare Beccaria.
C) John Locke.
D) Jeremy Bentham.

Accepted Answer

The Panopticon was designed by Jeremy Bentham, an English philosopher and social reformer, in the late 18th century. The design of the Panopticon was intended as a model for a prison, where inmates could be monitored at all times without the need for constant surveillance by guards. The building was shaped like a circular tower with a central observation point, from which guards could see into each cell while remaining unseen themselves. The idea behind the design was to create a sense of constant surveillance and control, which would help to deter criminal behavior and promote rehabilitation.

Question 7

Jeremy Bentham's __________ approach emphasizes the determination of behavior based on the amount of pleasure or pain the behavior can be expected to produce.
A) hedonistic calculus
B) common law
C) hard determinism
D) positivist

Accepted Answer

Bentham's approach is known as hedonistic calculus, which involves calculating the amount of pleasure or pain that a behavior is likely to produce in order to determine its moral value.

Question 8

_______ refers to a traditional body of unwritten legal precedents created through everyday practice and supported by court decisions
A) Natural law
B) Common law
C) Natural rights
D) Social contract

Accepted Answer

Common law refers to a body of unwritten legal precedents created through everyday practice and supported by court decisions. It is based on customs, traditions, and past judicial decisions rather than on written laws and statutes.

Question 9

Which type of crime would Cesare Beccaria be most likely to recommend be punished through the use of corporal punishment?
A) Treason
B) Inciting revolution
C) Burglary
D) Assault

Accepted Answer

Cesare Beccaria believed in proportionate punishment based on the severity of the crime. He favored the use of corporal punishment for crimes such as assault and battery as a more effective means of deterrence than lengthy prison sentences. Therefore, the best choice out of the given options is D.

Question 10

The concept of the social contract was developed by
A) Thomas Hobbes.
B) John Locke.
C) Thomas Paine.
D) Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The concept of the social contract was...

Question 11

The Code of Hammurabi emphasized which of the following goals of punishment?
A) Deterrence
B) Retribution
C) Rehabilitation
D) Incapacitation

Accepted Answer

The Code of Hammurabi focused on the principle of retribution, which means that punishment should fit the crime committed. This can be seen in the concept of "an eye for an eye," which was a key feature of the code. While other goals of punishment may have been present, such as deterrence or incapacitation, they were not emphasized as strongly as retribution. Rehabilitation was not a focus at this time in history.

Question 12

Which of the following explanations of criminal behavior would not be acceptable to a positivist studying crime?
A) Criminal behavior is due to socialization
B) Criminal behavior is due to individual choice
C) Criminal behavior is due to economic conditions
D) Criminal behavior is due to peer group influences

Accepted Answer

Positivists believe that criminal behavior is determined by factors such as socialization, economic conditions, and peer influences, rather than individual choice.

Question 13

Situational choice theory is an example of
A) hard determinism.
B) free will.
C) soft determinism.
D) traditional classical criminology.

Accepted Answer

Situational choice theory falls under the category of soft determinism, which posits that an individual's actions are influenced by both internal and external factors such as biology, psychology, and environment. While their actions are not entirely predetermined, they are still shaped by these factors to some degree.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of a mala in se offense?
A) Gambling
B) Premarital sexual behavior
C) Drug use
D) Theft

Accepted Answer

Theft is considered a mala in se offense, which means it is inherently wrong and immoral. It is universally recognized as a crime, and no justification or context can excuse it. Gambling, drug use, and premarital sexual behavior may be considered against the law in certain jurisdictions, but these are not universally recognized as inherently wrong or immoral. They are mala prohibita offenses, which means they are prohibited by law but may not be inherently wrong.

Question 15

David Fogel's justice model is based on the idea that
A) crime is a result of social conditions such as poverty.
B) offenders deserve punishment because of the choices they make.
C) rehabilitation is the main purpose of punishment.
D) crime can be prevented by changing the conditions that produce criminality

Accepted Answer

David Fogel's justice model is based on retribution, which means that offenders deserve punishment for their actions. This suggests that the punishment should fit the crime, rather than focusing solely on rehabilitation or preventing future crimes. Fogel believed that offenders should be held accountable for their choices and actions, regardless of external social factors.

Question 16

Which of the following was not an early demonic era explanation of personal deviance?
A) Free will
B) Demonic possession
C) Spiritual influences
D) Temptation by fallen angels

Accepted Answer

Free will was not an early demonic era explanation of personal deviance, as it suggests that individuals have the ability to make independent moral choices rather than being influenced or controlled by external spiritual forces or entities.

Question 17

The belief that the natural human condition at birth is that of a blank slate is attributed to
A) Thomas Hobbes.
B) John Locke.
C) Thomas Paine.
D) Jean Jacques Rousseau.

Accepted Answer

The belief that the natural human condition at birth is that of a blank slate, or "tabula rasa," is attributed to the philosopher John Locke. He argued that our experiences and environment shape our thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors, and that we are not born with innate ideas or knowledge.

Question 18

Early Roman Law derived from the
A) Justinian Code.
B) Code of Hammurabi.
C) Code of Babylonia.
D) Twelve Tables.

Accepted Answer

The Twelve Tables were the earliest written laws of ancient Rome, dating back to 449 BCE. They covered a wide range of topics such as property rights, debt, and criminal law. While influences from other legal codes and traditions can be seen in Roman law, the Twelve Tables are considered the foundational text of early Roman law.

Question 19

The present-day debate over abortion is an example of a current use of
A) natural law
B) common law.
C) natural rights.
D) hedonistic calculus.

Accepted Answer

The debate over abortion often revolves around the moral and ethical principles of natural law, which holds that certain things, such as human life, have inherent value and that it is wrong to intentionally take them away. Many argue that abortion violates natural law by ending the life of an innocent human being.

Question 20

The Classical School of criminology attributes crime to
A) spiritual shortcomings.
B) the exercise of free will.
C) hard determinism.
D) positivist outlooks.

Accepted Answer

The Classical School of criminology emphasizes that individuals have free will and choose to commit crime, rather than it being determined by factors outside of their control. They view punishment as a necessary deterrent to prevent future crime. Spiritual shortcomings, hard determinism, and positivist outlooks are not central concepts to the Classical School of criminology.

Quiz 3: Classical and Neoclassical Thought

Which of the following statements would probably not be made by a Classical School criminologist?

According to Cesare Beccaria, the purpose of punishment should be

An individual who dresses in an unusual way is most likely to be violating a ________ of his or her social group.

According to the key principles of Classical Criminology, the purpose of punishment is to

Positivism is based on an acceptance of

The Panopticon was designed by

Jeremy Bentham's __________ approach emphasizes the determination of behavior based on the amount of pleasure or pain the behavior can be expected to produce.

_______ refers to a traditional body of unwritten legal precedents created through everyday practice and supported by court decisions

Which type of crime would Cesare Beccaria be most likely to recommend be punished through the use of corporal punishment?

The concept of the social contract was developed by

The Code of Hammurabi emphasized which of the following goals of punishment?

Which of the following explanations of criminal behavior would not be acceptable to a positivist studying crime?

Situational choice theory is an example of

Which of the following is an example of a mala in se offense?

David Fogel's justice model is based on the idea that

Which of the following was not an early demonic era explanation of personal deviance?

The belief that the natural human condition at birth is that of a blank slate is attributed to

Early Roman Law derived from the

The present-day debate over abortion is an example of a current use of

The Classical School of criminology attributes crime to