Question 1

About _____ of lung cancers occur in smokers.  
A) 20 percent
B) 40 percent
C) 60 percent
D) 80 percent
E) 1000 percent

Accepted Answer

Around 80 percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking, making it the biggest risk factor for developing lung cancer. Other risk factors include exposure to radon, air pollution, occupational exposure to carcinogens, and genetic factors.

Question 2

Figure 38.17
 
-Use the figure above to answer the following question.At what partial pressure of oxygen do half the heme groups in human blood have bound oxygen?  
A) 30 mm Hg
B) 100 mm Hg
C) 70 mm Hg
D) 104 mm Hg
E) 120 mm Hg

Accepted Answer

The partial pressure of oxygen at which half the heme groups in human blood have bound oxygen is known as the P50 value. For human hemoglobin, this value is approximately 26-30 mm Hg, making option A the correct choice.

Question 3

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
-Pharynx
A)Flexible windpipe reinforced with cartilage
B)Detect carbonic acid in artery walls and signal the brain to stimulate faster and deeper breathing
C)Oxygen-rich form of a respiratory protein
D)Contains a pair of vocal cords
E)Stimulate faster breathing in dangerous situations
F)Part of the brainstem; controls breathing
G)Throat passage behind the mouth
H)One inhalation and one exhalation
I)Connect trachea to lungs
J)Flaplike structure that points upward allowing air to enter trachea, but blocks the larynx during swallowing
K)Raise and lower the ribcage
L)Microscopically small pockets lined with moist epithelium that function in gas exchange

Accepted Answer

The pharynx is the throat passage behind the mouth, connecting the nasal and oral cavity with the larynx and esophagus.

Answer: D
 The pharynx contains a pair of vocal cords, which play a role in speech and sound production.

Answer: J
 The flaplike structure that points upward and allows air to enter the trachea but blocks the larynx during swallowing is called the epiglottis, which is part of the pharynx.

Answer: L
 Microscopically small pockets lined with moist epithelium that function in gas exchange are known as alveoli, which are found in the lungs and play a key role in respiration. The pharynx itself does not directly participate in gas exchange.

Therefore, the answers are: G, D, J, L.

Question 4

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
-Alveoli
A)Flexible windpipe reinforced with cartilage
B)Detect carbonic acid in artery walls and signal the brain to stimulate faster and deeper breathing
C)Oxygen-rich form of a respiratory protein
D)Contains a pair of vocal cords
E)Stimulate faster breathing in dangerous situations
F)Part of the brainstem; controls breathing
G)Throat passage behind the mouth
H)One inhalation and one exhalation
I)Connect trachea to lungs
J)Flaplike structure that points upward allowing air to enter trachea, but blocks the larynx during swallowing
K)Raise and lower the ribcage
L)Microscopically small pockets lined with moist epithelium that function in gas exchange

Accepted Answer

Alveoli are microscopically small pockets lined with moist epithelium that function in gas exchange.

Answer: I
 Alveoli connect trachea to lungs.

Answer: C
 Hemoglobin is the oxygen-rich form of a respiratory protein, not alveoli.

Answer: J
 Epiglottis is a flaplike structure that points upward allowing air to enter trachea, but blocks the larynx during swallowing.

Answer: F
 Medulla oblongata is part of the brainstem that controls breathing, not alveoli.

Answer: A
 Trachea is a flexible windpipe reinforced with cartilage, not alveoli.

Answer: B
 Carotid bodies detect carbonic acid in artery walls and signal the brain to stimulate faster and deeper breathing, not alveoli.

Answer: K
 Muscles between the ribs function to raise and lower the ribcage, not alveoli.

Answer: H
 One inhalation and one exhalation is a complete respiratory cycle, not alveoli.

Therefore, the best choices are L and I.

Question 5

Oxyhemoglobin contains _____.  
A) oxygen bound irreversibly to a heme group
B) carbon dioxide
C) carbonic anhydrase
D) bound oxygen in the absence of a heme group
E) oxygen bound reversibly to a heme group

Accepted Answer

The answer of Oxyhemoglobin contains _____.  
A) oxygen bound irreversibly...

Question 6

Contraction of the diaphragm ____.  
A) diminishes the volume of the thoracic cavity
B) increases the volume of the thoracic cavity
C) pushes the rib cage downward
D) causes external intercostal muscles to relax
E) decreases lung capacity

Accepted Answer

Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, which leads to inhalation. This occurs because the dome-shaped diaphragm moves down, which increases the vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity. This creates a negative pressure within the lungs, allowing air to be drawn in.

Question 7

Which of the following is not associated with pneumonia?  
A) An inhaled allergen
B) Bacteria
C) Virus
D) Fungi
E) Shortness of breath

Accepted Answer

Pneumonia is typically caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, and can result in symptoms such as shortness of breath, fever, and coughing. An inhaled allergen may lead to respiratory symptoms, but it is not typically associated with pneumonia.

Question 8

Oxygen moves from alveoli to the bloodstream ____. A) because the partial pressure of oxygen is greater in alveoli than in the blood B) mainly due to the activity of carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells C) against a concentration gradient D) to equal the concentration of CO₂ in the blood E) by active transport

Accepted Answer

Oxygen moves from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure, and since the partial pressure of oxygen is greater in the alveoli than in the blood, oxygen will move from the alveoli to the bloodstream via diffusion.

Question 9

People who smoke both marijuana and tobacco have ____ respiratory problems than tobacco-only smokers.  
A) less
B) more
C) more serious
D) less serious
E) the same amount of

Accepted Answer

People who smoke both marijuana and tobacco have more respiratory problems than tobacco-only smokers because marijuana smoke contains a higher concentration of carcinogens and tar than tobacco smoke, which can cause significant damage to the respiratory system. Additionally, smoking both substances can lead to increased coughing and phlegm production.

Question 10

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by the body is transported to the lungs ____.  
A) in gaseous form
B) in the lymph system
C) as carbaminohemoglobin
D) in the form of bicarbonate
E) as carbonic acid

Accepted Answer

Carbon dioxide is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions, which are formed when carbon dioxide reacts with water in the bloodstream. These bicarbonate ions are then transported in the plasma to the lungs, where they are converted back into carbon dioxide and exhaled.

Question 11

Which of the following respiratory adaptations evolved independently in several groups of aquatic invertebrates?  
A) Hemocyanin
B) Hemoglobin
C) Tracheal system
D) Gills
E) Book lungs

Accepted Answer

Gills have evolved independently in several groups of aquatic invertebrates, such as crustaceans, mollusks, and some insects. Hemocyanin (A) has evolved in some arthropods and mollusks, while hemoglobin (B) is found in vertebrates. Tracheal systems (C) have evolved in insects and some arachnids, and book lungs (E) are found in some arachnids.

Question 12

A moist layer of cells across which gases are exchanged between animal cells and the external environment is known as a _____________.  
A) respiration gradient
B) respiratory surface
C) respiration protein
D) respiratory circulation
E) respiration exchange

Accepted Answer

A respiratory surface refers to the moist layer of cells across which gases are exchanged between animal cells and the external environment. The other options are not accurate descriptions of this process.

Question 13

A factor associated with SIDS is ____.  
A) sleep apnea
B) lung cancer
C) high altitude sickness
D) low red blood cell count
E) TB

Accepted Answer

Sleep apnea has been associated with an increased risk of SIDS.

Question 14

Adaptive mechanisms,such as ____,can help animals live at a high elevation.  
A) carbonic acid
B) narrower blood vessels
C) highly efficient hemoglobin-oxygen binding
D) decreased nitric oxide
E) small efficient lungs

Accepted Answer

Highly efficient hemoglobin-oxygen binding allows animals to extract as much oxygen as possible from the thin air at high elevations. This is important because the lower atmospheric pressure at high elevations limits the amount of oxygen that can be taken in with each breath.

Question 15

Which of the following is an air-filled internal organ found in the mantle cavity of land snails and slugs?  
A) Lung
B) Trachea
C) Gills
D) Spiracle
E) Pore

Accepted Answer

Land snails and slugs have evolved to breathe air and their mantle cavity contains a specialized respiratory organ called a lung, which allows them to extract oxygen from the air. The other options (B) Trachea, (C) Gills, (D) Spiracle, (E) Pore are not present in the mantle cavity of land snails and slugs, and are typically associated with other types of respiratory systems.

Question 16

"Rapture of the deep" is characterized by ____. A) increased O₂ in the blood B) altitude sickness C) excess CO₂ in the blood D) excess CO in the blood E) euphoria

Accepted Answer

"Rapture of the deep" is a term used to describe a feeling of euphoria or a sense of awe and wonder that some divers experience at deeper depths. It is thought to be caused by the increased pressure affecting the central nervous system, leading to altered perception and sensations. There is no increase in O2 in the blood, altitude sickness, excess CO2 or CO in the blood associated with this phenomenon.

Question 17

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
-Bronchi
A)Flexible windpipe reinforced with cartilage
B)Detect carbonic acid in artery walls and signal the brain to stimulate faster and deeper breathing
C)Oxygen-rich form of a respiratory protein
D)Contains a pair of vocal cords
E)Stimulate faster breathing in dangerous situations
F)Part of the brainstem; controls breathing
G)Throat passage behind the mouth
H)One inhalation and one exhalation
I)Connect trachea to lungs
J)Flaplike structure that points upward allowing air to enter trachea, but blocks the larynx during swallowing
K)Raise and lower the ribcage
L)Microscopically small pockets lined with moist epithelium that function in gas exchange

Accepted Answer

The bronchi connect the trachea (windpipe) to the lungs, allowing for the exchange of air.

Answer: L
 The microscopically small pockets lined with moist epithelium that function in gas exchange are known as alveoli.

Question 18

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
-Larynx
A)Flexible windpipe reinforced with cartilage
B)Detect carbonic acid in artery walls and signal the brain to stimulate faster and deeper breathing
C)Oxygen-rich form of a respiratory protein
D)Contains a pair of vocal cords
E)Stimulate faster breathing in dangerous situations
F)Part of the brainstem; controls breathing
G)Throat passage behind the mouth
H)One inhalation and one exhalation
I)Connect trachea to lungs
J)Flaplike structure that points upward allowing air to enter trachea, but blocks the larynx during swallowing
K)Raise and lower the ribcage
L)Microscopically small pockets lined with moist epithelium that function in gas exchange

Accepted Answer

The larynx contains a pair of vocal cords.

Answer: G
 The larynx is the throat passage behind the mouth.

Answer: J
 The epiglottis is a flaplike structure that points upward allowing air to enter the trachea, but blocks the larynx during swallowing.

Answer: I
 The trachea is connected to the lungs by the larynx.

Answer: A
 The trachea is a flexible windpipe reinforced with cartilage.

Answer: F
 The medulla oblongata is part of the brainstem and controls breathing.

Answer: L
 Alveoli are microscopically small pockets lined with moist epithelium that function in gas exchange.

Note: B, C, E, and K are not correct descriptions of the larynx.

Question 19

Deep-diving animals accomplish their dives through ____.  
A) speeding their heart rate
B) swimming vigorously
C) storing oxygen in muscles and blood
D) binding oxygen to hemocyanin
E) going into a deep sleep

Accepted Answer

Deep-diving animals, such as whales, seals, and turtles, are able to accomplish their dives by storing large amounts of oxygen in their muscles and blood. This allows them to survive without access to the surface for extended periods of time.

Question 20

Figure 38.15
 
-What is the partial pressure of oxygen at the start of the systemic capillary beds?  
A) 40 mm Hg
B) 100 mm Hg
C) 70 mm Hg
D) 104 mm Hg
E) 130 mm Hg

Accepted Answer

The partial pressure of oxygen at the start of the systemic capillary beds is approximately 100 mm Hg. This is because oxygenated blood from the lungs has just been delivered to the systemic circulation, where it will release oxygen to the tissues.

Quiz 38: Respiration

About _____ of lung cancers occur in smokers.

Figure 38.17 -Use the figure above to answer the following question.At what partial pressure of oxygen do half the heme groups in human blood have bound oxygen?

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each. -Pharynx

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each. -Alveoli

Oxyhemoglobin contains _____.

Contraction of the diaphragm ____.

Which of the following is not associated with pneumonia?

Oxygen moves from alveoli to the bloodstream ____.

People who smoke both marijuana and tobacco have ____ respiratory problems than tobacco-only smokers.

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by the body is transported to the lungs ____.

Which of the following respiratory adaptations evolved independently in several groups of aquatic invertebrates?

A moist layer of cells across which gases are exchanged between animal cells and the external environment is known as a _____________.

A factor associated with SIDS is ____.

Adaptive mechanisms,such as ____,can help animals live at a high elevation.

Which of the following is an air-filled internal organ found in the mantle cavity of land snails and slugs?

"Rapture of the deep" is characterized by ____.

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each. -Bronchi

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each. -Larynx

Deep-diving animals accomplish their dives through ____.

Figure 38.15 -What is the partial pressure of oxygen at the start of the systemic capillary beds?