Question 1

Which of the following Gestalt laws is CORRECTLY defined?
A) Similarity - the tendency to fill in small gaps in objects
B) Simplicity - stimuli resembling one another tend to be grouped together
C) Proximity - stimuli closer to one another tend to be grouped together
D) Closure - stimuli are perceived in the most basic manner possible

Accepted Answer

Proximity is the Gestalt law that refers to the tendency to group stimuli that are close to each other as belonging together.

Answer: B 
 Simplicity, also known as the law of Prägnanz, states that we tend to perceive objects in the simplest way possible. This means that stimuli that have the least number of parts or are simplest in form are preferred.

Answer: D 
 Closure is the Gestalt law that refers to the tendency to complete incomplete figures or objects. Our brain fills in the gaps in the stimulus to perceive it as a whole.

Answer: A 
 Similarity refers to the tendency to group objects that look similar as belonging together. It is not related to filling in gaps in objects.

Question 2

Mark and a Jacob are driving home on a college break.Mark is in the passenger seat.Bored,Mark gazes into the middle of an empty field.He notices that distant hilltops seem to move slowly in the same direction in which their car is moving;by contrast,mile markers on the side of the highway seem to whiz past them in the opposite direction.The difference in the apparent speed and direction of objects' motion serves as a depth cue termed motion:
A) disparity.
B) parallax.
C) perspective.
D) gradient.

Accepted Answer

The depth cue described in the scenario is motion parallax, which is the apparent difference in motion and speed of objects at different depths, as observed from a moving point of view.

Question 3

_____ is the change in position of an object on the retina caused by movement of your body relative to the object.
A) Shadow stereopsis
B) Convergence
C) Motion parallax
D) Retinal disparity

Accepted Answer

Motion parallax is the change in position of an object on the retina caused by movement of your body relative to the object.

Question 4

Artie organizes the binders in his office by color.This color-coding exemplifies the Gestalt principle of:
A) proximity.
B) similarity.
C) chromaticity.
D) closure.

Accepted Answer

The Gestalt principle of similarity suggests that we tend to group objects together that are similar in appearance. In this scenario, Artie is grouping the binders together based on their shared color, which is an example of similarity.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is most accurate with respect to the role of gestalt psychology in contemporary psychology?
A) The Gestalt influence has diminished over the years and is barely evident today.
B) Gestaltists remain a major force in the psychology of perception.
C) Gestalt psychology no longer plays a prominent role,but the Gestaltists' focus on the organization of perceptual elements remains influential.
D) Gestalt psychology is no longer a major school of thought,but the Gestaltists' focus on bottom-up processing elements remains influential.

Accepted Answer

While gestalt psychology is no longer a prominent school of thought, its emphasis on the organization of perceptual elements still plays a significant role in contemporary psychology, particularly in the areas of perception and cognitive psychology. Many contemporary theories and research studies in these fields still draw upon gestalt principles of perceptual organization.

Question 6

_____ is a condition in which exposure to one sensation evokes an additional one.
A) Synesthesia
B) Polythesia
C) Multithesia
D) Hyperesthesia

Accepted Answer

Synesthesia is a neurological condition in which one sensory experience, such as seeing a number, also triggers another sensory experience, such as experiencing a color. The other options are not recognized terms for this phenomenon.

Question 7

Consider the figure within parentheses: (XX XX XX).That we perceive three pairs of Xs reflects the Gestalt principle(s)of:
A) symmetry.
B) proximity.
C) closure.
D) chromaticity.

Accepted Answer

The Gestalt principle of proximity states that objects that are close together are perceived as a group. In the given figure, the three pairs of Xs are closer to each other, and hence, we perceive them as a group.

Question 8

How does light therapy work?
A) It passes an electric current through the part of the body that is affected by pain.
B) It stimulates nerve cells in the brain to provide direct pain relief.
C) It stimulates the production of healing enzymes.
D) It encourages the development of different thought patterns and beliefs.

Accepted Answer

Light therapy works by stimulating the production of healing enzymes. This process is believed to accelerate the body's natural healing mechanisms, aiding in the recovery of the treated area.

Question 9

Which of the following is a monocular cue?
A) Motion parallax
B) Convergence
C) Shadow stereopsis
D) Retinal disparity

Accepted Answer

Motion parallax is a monocular cue that refers to the way that nearby objects appear to move more quickly than distant objects as we move our head or eyes. Convergence and retinal disparity are both binocular cues that rely on the comparison of information between both eyes. Shadow stereopsis is not a recognized cue for depth perception.

Question 10

You are standing on the beach;the sea is choppy.You observe that the crests of distant waves appear less distinct than the crests of waves nearer the beach.This example illustrates a monocular cue known as:
A) linear perspective.
B) relative size.
C) texture gradient.
D) binocular disparity.

Accepted Answer

The monocular cue described in the scenario is the texture gradient, which refers to the fact that the texture of objects appears to become denser and more compact as they move further away. This can be observed in the scenario where the crests of waves in the distance appear less distinct than those closer to the beach, indicating a change in the density of the texture of the water. Linear perspective refers to the way parallel lines appear to converge as they recede into the distance, relative size refers to the way objects of known size appear smaller when further away, and binocular disparity refers to the slight difference in perspective between the images seen by each eye, which enables depth perception. None of these cues are directly relevant to the scenario described.

Question 11

You are sitting in a stationary train at a busy station.Suddenly,you feel like you are slowly sliding backward as the train next to you begins to pull out.This illusion reflects the operation of the _____ cue of _____.
A) monocular;motion parallax
B) binocular;motion parallax
C) monocular;linear perspective
D) binocular;binocular disparity

Accepted Answer

This illusion reflects the operation of the monocular cue of motion parallax because the movement of the stationary train relative to the moving train next to it creates a perception of motion and depth based on the relative speeds and distances of the two trains. Binocular cues such as binocular disparity are not applicable in this scenario as it only involves the perception of depth through both eyes, which is not affected by the movement of the neighboring train. Linear perspective, on the other hand, involves the perception of depth and distance through the convergence of parallel lines, which is not applicable in this scenario as the illusion is based on relative motion.

Question 12

Perception that is guided by higher-level knowledge,experience,expectations,and motivations is known as _____.
A) horizontal processing
B) bottom-up processing
C) top-down processing
D) diagonal processing

Accepted Answer

Top-down processing refers to the use of higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations to guide perception. It involves the brain's interpretation of sensory information based on past experiences and knowledge of the world, rather than relying solely on the information from the sensory input itself.

Question 13

In a general sense,the overriding Gestalt principle of perceptual organization is:
A) complexity.
B) simplicity.
C) symmetry.
D) similarity.

Accepted Answer

The Gestalt principle of perceptual organization emphasizes on simplicity, which means that we tend to perceive objects in their simplest form, rather than complex structures. This principle helps us to organize our sensory information into a meaningful and coherent whole without being overwhelmed by unnecessary details. For example, when we look at a tree, we perceive it as a simple object made up of a trunk, branches, and leaves, rather than a complex arrangement of individual cells, fibers, and molecules.

Question 14

Which of the following statements most accurately expresses the relationship between top-down and bottom-up processing?
A) Some stimuli are processed in a bottom-up fashion,while others are processed in a top-down manner.
B) The contribution to perception of top-down processes is much smaller than researchers originally supposed.
C) Top-down processing permits us to process the fundamental characteristics of stimuli.
D) Top-down and bottom-up processes occur simultaneously in the perception of the world around us.

Accepted Answer

Both top-down and bottom-up processes occur simultaneously in the perception of the world around us. While bottom-up processing involves the initial processing of sensory information, top-down processing involves the use of our prior knowledge and expectations to interpret and make sense of that information. These two types of processing work together to create our overall perception of the world.

Question 15

From the window of an office on a skyscraper's 90^th floor,taxis on the street look tiny.Of course,you know they are not toy cars;you are just really far up.This example illustrates the _____ cue of _____. A) monocular;relative size B) binocular;relative size C) monocular;texture gradient D) binocular;texture gradient

Accepted Answer

The example given is illustrating the monocular cue of relative size, as it is based on the perception of the size of objects in relation to each other using only one eye. The fact that the taxis look tiny from a high vantage point is due to the assumption that they are smaller than the buildings and other objects that are closer and larger in size.

Question 16

Perception that consists of the progression of recognizing and processing information from individual components of a stimuli and moving to the perception of the whole is known as _____.
A) horizontal processing
B) bottom-up processing
C) top-down processing
D) diagonal processing

Accepted Answer

Bottom-up processing involves the progression of recognizing and processing individual components of a stimuli and then moving to the perception of the whole. This is in contrast to top-down processing, which involves using prior knowledge and expectations to interpret incoming sensory information. Horizontal and diagonal processing are not commonly used terms in the field of perception.

Question 17

Which of the following alternatives is most accurate?
A) Synesthesia is rare.Exposure to one sensation evokes an additional one in most people with synesthesia.
B) Synesthesia is rare.Exposure to sound does not evoke different hues in most people with synesthesia.
C) Synesthesia is common.Senses work independently in most people with synesthesia.
D) Synesthesia is common.Perception is multimodal in most people with synesthesia.

Accepted Answer

The statement "Exposure to one sensation evokes an additional one in most people with synesthesia" is the most accurate description of synesthesia. While synesthesia is not extremely rare, it is not as common as option C and D suggest, and option B is not entirely true as some people with synesthesia do experience color associations with sound.

Question 18

_____ is series of principles that describe how we organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes.
A) Gestalt laws of organization
B) Taylor's principles of scientific management
C) The neoclassical perspective
D) The bureaucratic theory

Accepted Answer

The Gestalt laws of organization describe how our brains perceive and organize information into meaningful wholes, such as recognizing a face as a whole rather than just a collection of individual features. Taylor's principles of scientific management, the neoclassical perspective, and the bureaucratic theory are all frameworks for management and organizational behavior, but they do not address information processing or perception.

Question 19

The ability to view the world in three dimensions and to perceive distance is known as _____.
A) multistable perception
B) depth perception
C) haptic perception
D) direct perception

Accepted Answer

Depth perception is the ability to view the world in three dimensions and perceive distance. Multistable perception refers to the phenomenon where a person's visual perception can oscillate between ambiguous images. Haptic perception is the ability to recognize objects through touch. Direct perception refers to a theory that suggests that perception happens directly without the need for additional cognitive processes.

Question 20

The difference in the images seen by the left eye and the right eye is known as _____.
A) fixation disparity
B) stereopsis
C) retinal slip
D) binocular disparity

Accepted Answer

The difference in the images seen by the left eye and the right eye is known as binocular disparity. This is because each eye has a slightly different perspective on the same object, which creates a unique visual input that the brain must integrate to create a single perceptual experience. Binocular disparity is an important cue for depth perception and helps us to perceive the relative distance of objects in the visual field.

Quiz 3: Neuroscience and Behavior

Which of the following Gestalt laws is CORRECTLY defined?

_____ is the change in position of an object on the retina caused by movement of your body relative to the object.

Artie organizes the binders in his office by color.This color-coding exemplifies the Gestalt principle of:

Which of the following statements is most accurate with respect to the role of gestalt psychology in contemporary psychology?

_____ is a condition in which exposure to one sensation evokes an additional one.

Consider the figure within parentheses: (XX XX XX) .That we perceive three pairs of Xs reflects the Gestalt principle(s) of:

How does light therapy work?

Which of the following is a monocular cue?

You are standing on the beach;the sea is choppy.You observe that the crests of distant waves appear less distinct than the crests of waves nearer the beach.This example illustrates a monocular cue known as:

You are sitting in a stationary train at a busy station.Suddenly,you feel like you are slowly sliding backward as the train next to you begins to pull out.This illusion reflects the operation of the _ cue of _.

Perception that is guided by higher-level knowledge,experience,expectations,and motivations is known as _____.

In a general sense,the overriding Gestalt principle of perceptual organization is:

Which of the following statements most accurately expresses the relationship between top-down and bottom-up processing?

From the window of an office on a skyscraper's 90^th floor,taxis on the street look tiny.Of course,you know they are not toy cars;you are just really far up.This example illustrates the _ cue of _.

Perception that consists of the progression of recognizing and processing information from individual components of a stimuli and moving to the perception of the whole is known as _____.

Which of the following alternatives is most accurate?

_____ is series of principles that describe how we organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

The ability to view the world in three dimensions and to perceive distance is known as _____.

The difference in the images seen by the left eye and the right eye is known as _____.