Question 1

Which of the following is a FALSE statement concerning B. F. Skinner's work?
A) He is known for developing the theory of classical conditioning through experiments in which he conditioned dogs to salivate to bells.
B) He developed an operant conditioning chamber that bears his name.
C) He believed that misguided rewards lead to destructive actions that create problems, such as overpopulation, pollution, and war.
D) He disliked the use of punishment

Accepted Answer

B.F. Skinner is known for developing the theory of operant conditioning, not classical conditioning.

Question 2

The psychological view that combines thinking (and the expectation of the reward) with learning theory is known as
A)psychobehaviorism.
B)cognitive behaviorism.
C)cognitive functionalism.
D)Gestalt psychology.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive behaviorism combines the principles of both cognitive psychology, which emphasizes on mental processes such as thinking, perception, and memory, and behaviorism, which focuses on how experience and rewards shape behavior.

Question 3

Patrick borrows his mother's car keys and tries to start the car as he has seen his parents do so often.Their neighbor, who is a psychologist, explained that Patrick modeled his parents' driving behavior because he had the expectation of being rewarded with the fun of driving.This explanation best fits which psychological viewpoint?
A)psychobehaviorism
B)Gestalt psychology
C)psychoanalysis
D)cognitive behaviorism

Accepted Answer

The explanation given focuses on the concept of rewards and expectations, which aligns with the principles of cognitive behaviorism.

Question 4

As used by Freud, the unconscious refers to
A)those things we choose to forget.
B)the area of the mind that lies outside of personal awareness.
C)the tip of the iceberg.
D)all of these.

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that the unconscious was the part of the mind that lay outside of personal awareness and contained thoughts, emotions, and desires that were repressed or forgotten. It is not necessarily something that we choose to forget or just the tip of the iceberg, so options A and C are not entirely accurate. Therefore, option B is the best choice.

Question 5

Radical behaviorists were criticized for ignoring the role that _____ play(s) in our lives.
A)rewards
B)thinking
C)punishments
D)stimuli

Accepted Answer

Radical behaviorists held that only observable behavior and environmental factors played a role in shaping behavior, and dismissed the idea that internal mental processes were a factor. Therefore, they often ignored the role that thinking processes play in our lives.

Question 6

When we see a painting by George Seurat, the famous French impressionist, we tend to experience it as a rendering of a lovely landscape rather than as the series of separate, differently colored dots of which the painting is actually composed.This phenomenon illustrates which school of thought in psychology?
A)Structuralism
B)Behaviorism
C)Gestalt psychology
D)Psychodynamic psychology

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon illustrates the principles of Gestalt psychology, which emphasizes how people tend to perceive patterns and wholes rather than just the sum of their individual parts. The dots in Seurat's painting are perceived as a cohesive landscape due to our innate tendency to fill in missing information and organize sensory input into meaningful patterns.

Question 7

Which of the following is a FALSE statement concerning Gestalt Psychology?
A)Gestalt Psychology's motto is "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts."
B)Gestalt Psychology was founded by Max Wertheimer.
C)Gestalt Psychology has greatly influenced studies of perception and personality.
D)Gestalt Psychology explains behavior in terms of stimuli and responses.

Accepted Answer

Gestalt Psychology does not explain behavior in terms of stimuli and responses, but rather emphasizes the importance of holistic perception and organization of sensory information.

Question 8

Skinner's view of psychology has led to some criticism of his tendency to
A)believe mental events, such as thinking, are not needed to explain behavior.
B)rely too heavily on introspection.
C)favor punishment over reinforcement as a means of controlling behavior.
D)ignore the impact of behaviorism on psychological thought.

Accepted Answer

Skinner argued that behavior can be explained solely in terms of observable stimuli and responses, and he did not see the need to incorporate mental events, such as thoughts and feelings, into his theory of behaviorism. This view has been criticized by some who argue that mental processes and subjective experiences play a crucial role in understanding behavior.

Question 9

The founder of psychoanalytic psychology was
A)Carl Rogers.
B)Wilhelm Wundt.
C)Sigmund Freud.
D)William James.

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud is widely regarded as the founder of psychoanalytic psychology, which emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences in shaping personality and behavior. Carl Rogers is associated with humanistic psychology, Wilhelm Wundt with structuralism and William James with functionalism.

Question 10

Repression refers to
A)thoughts held out of awareness because they are unimportant.
B)thoughts held out of awareness because they are threatening.
C)forgetfulness or thoughts held out of awareness unintentionally.
D)the fact that no thoughts, emotions, and actions are predetermined.

Accepted Answer

Repression refers to the unconscious blocking of thoughts, memories, and impulses that are threatening or unacceptable, as a way of protecting the individual from anxiety or distress. This defense mechanism is often associated with psychoanalytic theory and is considered a central concept in understanding mental health and psychopathology.

Question 11

_____ emphasizes the study of thinking, learning, and perception in whole units, not by analysis into parts.
A)Behaviorism
B)Comparative psychology
C)Structuralism
D)Gestalt psychology

Accepted Answer

Gestalt psychology emphasizes the study of thinking, learning, and perception in whole units, not by analysis into parts. This approach focuses on how the brain processes sensory information and perceives patterns and wholes, rather than reducing experiences into smaller elements.

Question 12

Which school of thought would explain that you go to different music websites because you have the expectation that you will find music selections that you will enjoy on these sites?
A)humanistic psychology
B)structuralism
C)cognitive behaviorism
D)psychoanalysis.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive behaviorism focuses on how our thoughts and expectations shape our behavior. In this case, the expectation of finding music selections we enjoy on certain websites is a cognitive factor influencing our behavior of visiting those websites.

Question 13

Contributions of Freud include
A)the insistence that all thoughts, desires, and actions are determined.
B)the development of the method of psychotherapy called psychoanalysis.
C)emphasis on the importance of childhood experiences in personality development.
D)all of these.

Accepted Answer

All of the options (A, B, and C) are contributions made by Freud. He was famous for the belief that all thoughts, desires, and actions are determined (A). He is also credited with the development of psychoanalysis (B) and placing emphasis on the significance of childhood experiences in the development of personality (C).

Question 14

Max Wertheimer is associated with which one of the following schools of thought?
A)Gestalt psychology
B)behaviorism
C)psychoanalysis
D)functionalism

Accepted Answer

Max Wertheimer is considered one of the founding fathers of Gestalt psychology, which emphasizes the perception of whole patterns rather than individual components.

Question 15

The "whole is greater than the sum of its parts" is the slogan of the
A)Gestalt psychologists.
B)behaviorists.
C)structuralists.
D)psychoanalysts.

Accepted Answer

The slogan "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" is a key principle of Gestalt psychology, which emphasizes the importance of perception and the organization of sensory information into meaningful wholes. Behaviorism, structuralism, and psychoanalysis do not have this specific principle as a central tenet.

Question 16

A Gestalt psychologist might
A)recommend rewarding yourself with a movie instead of a candy bar.
B)suggest that you explore patterns in your behavior as a whole rather than analyzing each individual action.
C)examine each individual element of your behavior.
D)recommend all of these.

Accepted Answer

Gestalt psychology focuses on the idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Therefore, a Gestalt psychologist would recommend examining patterns in behavior as a whole rather than analyzing each individual action. This choice addresses the fundamental approach of Gestalt psychology. Option A is more related to behaviorism, and Option C is not in line with Gestalt psychology's emphasis on the whole. Option D includes option B, but option A and C are not specific to Gestalt psychology.

Question 17

Of the following, who is associated with the Gestalt school of psychology?
A)Ivan Pavlov
B) B.F.Skinner
C)Max Wertheimer
D)John Watson

Accepted Answer

Max Wertheimer is the founder of the Gestalt school of psychology, which emphasizes the importance of perceptual organization and holistic thinking. Ivan Pavlov is associated with classical conditioning, B.F. Skinner is associated with behaviorism, and John Watson is often considered the founder of behaviorism.

Question 18

_____ is the proper use of rewards, punishments, and conditioning to change problems, such as overeating, unrealistic fears, and temper tantrums.
A)Psychoanalysis
B)Gestalt psychology
C)Self-actualization
D)Behavior therapy

Accepted Answer

The proper use of rewards, punishments, and conditioning to change problems is a key principle of behavior therapy. The other options listed do not focus on this approach to addressing problematic behaviors.

Question 19

Which psychologist advanced the theory that a "designed culture" based on positive reinforcement could encourage desirable behavior?
A)William James
B) B.F.Skinner
C)Max Wertheimer
D)Carl Rogers

Accepted Answer

B.F. Skinner advanced the theory of operant conditioning, which emphasized the importance of positive reinforcement in promoting desirable behavior. He believed that if a culture or environment is designed to provide consistent positive reinforcement for good behavior, individuals would be more likely to repeat that behavior in the future. This concept became the basis for many behavior modification programs and therapies.

Question 20

Skinner's contribution to behaviorism lies in his insistence that
A)behavior is shaped and maintained by rewards and punishments.
B)behavior is only partially conscious.
C)the whole is more than the sum of its parts.
D)self-actualization is the primary determinant of behavior.

Accepted Answer

Skinner's theory of behaviorism emphasizes that behavior is shaped and maintained by rewards and punishments. He believed that behavior can be learned through conditioning, where behaviors that are rewarded are more likely to occur again, and behaviors that are punished are less likely to occur. Skinner's approach to behaviorism is known as operant conditioning, which is widely used in psychology and education to modify and reinforce behavior. Therefore, the best choice is A.

Quiz 1: Extension A: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

Which of the following is a FALSE statement concerning B. F. Skinner's work?

The psychological view that combines thinking (and the expectation of the reward) with learning theory is known as

As used by Freud, the unconscious refers to

Radical behaviorists were criticized for ignoring the role that _____ play(s) in our lives.

Which of the following is a FALSE statement concerning Gestalt Psychology?

Skinner's view of psychology has led to some criticism of his tendency to

The founder of psychoanalytic psychology was

Repression refers to

_____ emphasizes the study of thinking, learning, and perception in whole units, not by analysis into parts.

Which school of thought would explain that you go to different music websites because you have the expectation that you will find music selections that you will enjoy on these sites?

Contributions of Freud include

Max Wertheimer is associated with which one of the following schools of thought?

The "whole is greater than the sum of its parts" is the slogan of the

A Gestalt psychologist might

Of the following, who is associated with the Gestalt school of psychology?

_____ is the proper use of rewards, punishments, and conditioning to change problems, such as overeating, unrealistic fears, and temper tantrums.

Which psychologist advanced the theory that a "designed culture" based on positive reinforcement could encourage desirable behavior?

Skinner's contribution to behaviorism lies in his insistence that