Question 1

Which of the following cells can repair itself if damaged?
A)a nerve cell in the central nervous system that is wrapped in myelin
B)a nerve cell in the brain
C)a nerve cell in the peripheral nervous system that is wrapped in neurilemma
D)a nerve cell in the spinal cord

Accepted Answer

Nerve cells in the peripheral nervous system that are wrapped in neurilemma are capable of repairing themselves if damaged. This is due to the presence of Schwann cells, which help to regenerate the damaged nerve fibers. Nerve cells in the central nervous system and the brain, on the other hand, have limited capacity for regeneration and repair.

Question 2

In one study, people suffering from spider phobias were treated with cognitive behavior therapy.After therapy, they could actually touch spiders with images of these people's brains revealing _______ in the brain areas involved in the phobia.
A)reduced activity
B)increased activity
C)reduced endorphin levels
D)increased endorphin levels

Accepted Answer

Cognitive behavior therapy is known to reduce the activity in the brain areas associated with phobias, such as the amygdala and hippocampus. This leads to a decrease in the fear response and an increased ability to tolerate the feared object or situation.

Question 3

Recent medical research into the repair of spinal cords in rats and human trials using nerve grafts may eventually lead to procedures that will
A)cure multiple sclerosis.
B)reverse conditions requiring confinement to a wheelchair.
C)reduce back pain.
D)reverse brain damage caused by excessive alcohol consumption.

Accepted Answer

Recent medical research into the repair of spinal cords in rats and human trials using nerve grafts are most likely to lead to procedures that can reverse conditions requiring confinement to a wheelchair, as spinal cord injuries are the leading cause of paralysis and mobility impairments. It is unlikely that this research will lead to a cure for multiple sclerosis or a reduction in back pain, as these are separate medical conditions that involve different areas of the body. Additionally, the research is specific to spinal cord injuries and is unlikely to impact brain damage caused by excessive alcohol consumption.

Question 4

The fact that some peripheral nerves can regenerate after being damaged is made possible by the presence of
A)neurilemma.
B)myelin.
C)acetylcholine.
D)none of these, since peripheral nerves cannot regenerate.

Accepted Answer

Neurilemma is a layer of Schwann cells that surrounds peripheral nerve fibers. When nerves are damaged, the neurilemma and Schwann cells play a critical role in facilitating nerve regeneration by providing a pathway for new growth and guidance for the regenerating fibers. Myelin helps to insulate nerve fibers and speed up nerve transmission, but it does not directly facilitate nerve regeneration. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is involved in muscle contraction, but it does not play a significant role in nerve regeneration. Therefore, choice A (neurilemma) is the best answer.

Question 5

The main function of the neurilemma is to
A)form a tunnel through which damaged nerve cell fibers grow when they repair themselves.
B)affect the speed of nerve impulses.
C)block the reception of acetylcholine.
D)aid a nerve's receptivity to neurotransmitters by increasing the number of receptor sites available.

Accepted Answer

The neurilemma is a layer of cells that surrounds some axons in the peripheral nervous system. Its main function is to assist in the regeneration of damaged nerve fibers by forming a tunnel through which the damaged fibers can grow when repairing themselves. This ability is essential for nerve regeneration and recovery after injury.

Question 6

Which of the following CAN be seen without magnification?
A)a neuron
B)a nerve
C)both a nerve and a neuron
D)neither a nerve nor a neuron

Accepted Answer

A nerve is a bundle of neurons and can therefore be seen without magnification. However, a single neuron is usually too small to be visible without some form of magnification.

Question 7

Neurons
A)make up nerves.
B)are made up of nerves.
C)are classified as nerves or neurilemma.
D)can be seen with the unaided eye.

Accepted Answer

Neurons are specialized cells that make up nerves.

Question 8

In response to experience, new synapses form between neurons, and other connections grow stronger.These changes in the brain due to experience illustrate the brain's
A)neuroplasticity.
B)neuroresiliency.
C)synaptic malleability.
D)depolarization potential.

Accepted Answer

Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt in response to experiences, which includes the formation of new synapses and strengthening of existing connections. The other options (B, C, D) either do not accurately describe this phenomenon or are not commonly used terms in neuroscience.

Question 9

Every time you learn something, you are reshaping your living brain, a process known as
A)brain osmosis.
B)synaptic malleability.
C)self-directed neuroplasticity.
D)self-directed neural induction.

Accepted Answer

Self-directed neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt as a result of experience and learning. This concept highlights how intentional activities and thoughts can shape the brain's structure and function.

Question 10

Regrowth of a damaged nerve cell is most likely when
A)damage occurs within the brain.
B)the cell body is destroyed.
C)damage occurs in the spinal cord.
D)an accidentally severed toe is sewn back on.

Accepted Answer

Regrowth of damaged nerve cells is most likely when the damaged body part is able to regrow and has intact nerve endings. Option D is the only choice that involves the regrowth of a body part and the reconnection of nerve endings.

Question 11

Large bundles of axons and dendrites visible to the unaided eye are
A)neurons.
B)neurilemma.
C)nerves.
D)neurotransmitters.

Accepted Answer

Large bundles of axons and dendrites visible to the unaided eye are called nerves. Neurons are individual cells that make up the nervous system. Neurilemma is the outer covering of some axons. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals between neurons.

Question 12

In another study, patients with language difficulties due to damage to the left sides of their brains were given language comprehension training.The training helped improve the patients' language comprehension with brain images revealing
A)increased activity throughout both sides of the brain, including areas directly adjacent to the damaged areas.
B)no change in brain activity due to the language comprehension training.
C)neurogenesis of brain cells in the damaged areas of the left sides of their brains.
D)more activity in the undamaged right sides of their brains to compensate for their damaged left sides.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In another study, patients with language difficulties...

Question 13

Neurilemma is wrapped around most axons in all nervous systems EXCEPT for the
A)sympathetic nervous system.
B)parasympathetic nervous system.
C)somatic nervous system.
D)central nervous system.

Accepted Answer

Neurilemma is the outer layer of Schwann cells that surround axons in the peripheral nervous system. In the central nervous system, myelin sheaths are formed by oligodendrocytes and do not have neurilemma. Therefore, the correct answer is the central nervous system (CNS).

Question 14

Rats that are raised in a complex environment have more synapses and longer dendrites in their brains than rats raised in a simpler environment.These differences in the rat's brain due to environmental experiences illustrate the brain's
A)neuroresilency.
B)neuroplasticity.
C)synaptic malleability.
D)depolarization potential.

Accepted Answer

Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt in response to environmental experiences. The fact that rats raised in a complex environment have more synapses and longer dendrites in their brains than rats raised in a simpler environment demonstrates the brain's neuroplasticity.

Question 15

Regarding the repair of the central nervous system, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?
A)The first human trials in which nerve grafts will be used to repair damaged spinal cords have begun.
B)Scientists have partially repaired cut spinal cords in rats.
C)Currently, a serious injury to the brain or spinal cord is usually permanent.
D)All of these statements are true.

Accepted Answer

All the statements are true: human trials for nerve grafts in spinal cord repair have begun, partial repairs in rats have been achieved, and serious CNS injuries are typically permanent.

Question 16

Horror movies and science fiction stories are often based on the premise that one person's brain has been surgically removed and implanted in the body of another person.This would actually be impossible because
A)damage to the brain is almost always fatal.
B)if the corpus callosum is cut, the brain cannot function.
C)damage to neurons in the CNS is usually considered permanent.
D)the blood brain barriers would not protect against infection.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Horror movies and science fiction stories are...

Question 17

Most nerve cell fibers outside the brain and spinal cord are wrapped by a thin layer of cells called _____, whose function is to aid the repair of neurons.
A)myelin.
B)neurilemma.
C)acetylcholine.
D)endorphins.

Accepted Answer

The thin layer of cells found wrapped around nerve cell fibers outside the brain and spinal cord is called the neurilemma. Its primary function is to aid in the repair of damaged neurons. Myelin, on the other hand, is a fatty material that forms a protective insulation around nerve fibers. Acetylcholine and endorphins are neurotransmitters that play a role in nerve cell communication and are not directly involved in repairing neurons.

Question 18

The term ______ refers to the capacity of our brains to change in response to experience.
A)neuroplasticity
B)neuroresiliency
C)synaptic malleability
D)depolarization

Accepted Answer

The term that refers to the capacity of our brains to change in response to experience is neuroplasticity. The other choices are not relevant to this concept.

Question 19

An individual nerve cell is known as a
A)nerve.
B)neuron.
C)synaptic vesicle.
D)neurotransmitter.

Accepted Answer

An individual nerve cell is known as a neuron.

Question 20

Neurons are tiny cells that
A)cannot be seen without a microscope.
B)are made up of nerves.
C)are scientifically classified as neurilemmas.
D)are characterized by all of these.

Accepted Answer

Neurons are very small and cannot be seen without a microscope.

Quiz 2: Extension A: Brain and Behavior

Which of the following cells can repair itself if damaged?

In one study, people suffering from spider phobias were treated with cognitive behavior therapy.After therapy, they could actually touch spiders with images of these people's brains revealing _______ in the brain areas involved in the phobia.

Recent medical research into the repair of spinal cords in rats and human trials using nerve grafts may eventually lead to procedures that will

The fact that some peripheral nerves can regenerate after being damaged is made possible by the presence of

The main function of the neurilemma is to

Which of the following CAN be seen without magnification?

Neurons

In response to experience, new synapses form between neurons, and other connections grow stronger.These changes in the brain due to experience illustrate the brain's

Every time you learn something, you are reshaping your living brain, a process known as

Regrowth of a damaged nerve cell is most likely when

Large bundles of axons and dendrites visible to the unaided eye are

In another study, patients with language difficulties due to damage to the left sides of their brains were given language comprehension training.The training helped improve the patients' language comprehension with brain images revealing

Neurilemma is wrapped around most axons in all nervous systems EXCEPT for the

Rats that are raised in a complex environment have more synapses and longer dendrites in their brains than rats raised in a simpler environment.These differences in the rat's brain due to environmental experiences illustrate the brain's

Regarding the repair of the central nervous system, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

Horror movies and science fiction stories are often based on the premise that one person's brain has been surgically removed and implanted in the body of another person.This would actually be impossible because

Most nerve cell fibers outside the brain and spinal cord are wrapped by a thin layer of cells called _____, whose function is to aid the repair of neurons.

The term ______ refers to the capacity of our brains to change in response to experience.

An individual nerve cell is known as a

Neurons are tiny cells that