Question 1

If people did not _____, they would probably not make the decisions to marry in the face of a 50 percent divorce rate or start high-risk businesses.
A)ignore the base rate
B)use the representative heuristic
C)use a random search strategy
D)deductively reason

Accepted Answer

Ignoring the base rate refers to ignoring the information about the general likelihood of an event (e.g. the 50 percent divorce rate) and instead focusing on individual characteristics or specific instances. This can lead people to make decisions that are not rational or informed by relevant data. Choosing to marry or start a high-risk business despite a high divorce rate or failure rate is an example of ignoring the base rate.

Question 2

Usually, the _____ way of framing or stating a problem produces the best decisions.
A)more narrow and specific
B)broadest
C)more convergent
D)simplest and most concise

Accepted Answer

The answer of Usually, the _____ way of framing or...

Question 3

Decision-making often can be influenced by _____, which refers to the way that a problem is stated or structured.
A)framing
B)the base rate
C)the denotative meaning
D)transformation

Accepted Answer

Framing refers to the way a problem or decision is presented, which can influence the decision-making process. By changing the context or framing of a problem, people can be influenced to make different choices. The other options listed (B) base rate, (C) denotative meaning, and (D) transformation are not specific to decision-making or problem-solving processes.

Question 4

In selecting a career, it is best to
A)frame this problem in narrow, specific terms related to your particular skills.
B)frame this problem in the broadest way and consider many factors, including future employment outlook, pay, and job satisfaction.
C)trust your intuition.
D)decide based on what employment activity you most like to do.

Accepted Answer

It is important to consider a wide range of factors in selecting a career, including future job prospects, salary, and job satisfaction. Making a decision based solely on narrow, specific skills or personal preferences may not lead to a fulfilling or successful career. Trusting intuition can be helpful, but should be backed up by research and analysis.

Question 5

A person is asked to decide on a major in school; another is asked to decide on a career.We may say that the different answers they give to broad and specific questions are because of
A)differences in representativeness.
B)base rate differences.
C)differences in framing.
D)differences associated with irrational personalities.

Accepted Answer

The differences in the answers can be attributed to the way the questions are framed, i.e., in terms of broad options vs. specific ones. The framing effect suggests that the way a question is presented can influence the response given. In this case, the broad question about a major may lead to more exploratory answers while the specific question about a career may lead to more focused responses. The other answer choices do not adequately explain the differences in responses.

Question 6

Framing decisions narrowly
A)greatly increases the risk of making a poor choice.
B)greatly increases your chances of making a good choice.
C)helps individuals think more critically and analytically.
D)prevents intuitive thinking.

Accepted Answer

Framing decisions narrowly limits the available options and can prevent individuals from considering alternative perspectives, leading to a higher risk of making a poor choice.

Question 7

Regarding a custody matter, two judges are each given profiles of the two parents.One judge is asked, "Which parent should be awarded custody?" while the other judge is asked, "Which parent should be denied custody?" The judges are most likely see this custody situation differently because of the
A)underlying base rates.
B)framing of the questions.
C)representative heuristics within this situation.
D)differing emotionalities of the two judges.

Accepted Answer

The judges are likely to see the situation differently because of the framing of the questions. One judge was asked which parent should be awarded custody, while the other was asked which parent should be denied custody. This framing can affect how the judges think about the situation and can lead to different decisions. The underlying base rates, representative heuristics, and emotionalities of the judges are less likely to play a significant role in this situation.

Question 8

A potential danger of an intelligent person using only rational thinking is that
A)correct conclusions may be drawn from faulty logic.
B)it can lead to correct, but uninspired answers.
C)a tendency to think "outside of the box" occurs.
D)divergent thinking can lead to tangential reasoning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A potential danger of an intelligent person...

Question 9

_____ represents a mixture of convergent thinking, intelligence, reason, creativity, originality, openness, and tolerance.
A)Genius
B)Liberalism
C)Wisdom
D)The savant syndrome

Accepted Answer

Wisdom encompasses a broad range of cognitive and personal qualities, including critical thinking, intellectual humility, empathy, and emotional regulation, that work together to promote sound judgment and decision-making in complex and uncertain situations. Wisdom is not defined by IQ scores or academic credentials, but rather by one's capacity to integrate and apply diverse sources of knowledge, experience, and values in pursuit of ethical and practical goals.

Question 10

_____ can channel us down a narrow path so we attend to only part of the information provided, rather than weighing all the pros and cons.
A)Ignoring the base rate
B)The way a question is framed
C)Divergent thinking
D)Insightful thought

Accepted Answer

Framing of a question can influence our thought process and decision-making by directing our attention towards certain aspects of the information and ignoring others. This can lead to a narrow focus on only certain pros and cons, rather than considering all available information.

Question 11

In 1904, the minister of education in Paris asked _____ to find a way to distinguish slower students from the more capable (or the capable but lazy); and the modern intelligence test was "born."
A)Sigmund Freud
B)Maria Montessori
C)Alfred Binet
D)Jean Piaget

Accepted Answer

Alfred Binet was asked by the minister of education in Paris to develop a way to identify slower students, which led to the creation of the modern intelligence test. Sigmund Freud was a psychologist known for his theories of psychoanalysis. Maria Montessori was an Italian physician and educator who developed the Montessori method of education. Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist known for his theory of cognitive development in children.

Question 12

One doctor tells you that you have a 10% chance of dying during the surgery, while another doctor tells you that you have a 90% chance of survival if you have the surgery.Understanding that you have the same survival odds means that you have not succumbed to
A)the underlying base rate.
B)framing.
C)the representative heuristic.
D)brainstorming.

Accepted Answer

The two doctors are presenting the same statistical information in different ways, which is an example of framing. Recognizing that the survival odds are the same means you have not been influenced by the framing effect.

Question 13

The way a question is stated before problem-solving begins is known as
A)representativeness.
B)framing.
C)incubation.
D)defining the base rate.

Accepted Answer

The way a question is stated before problem-solving begins is known as framing.

Question 14

When asked the question, "Which parent should be awarded custody?" people _____.However, if they are asked, "Which parent should be denied custody?" they _____.
A)focus on the base rate; ignore the base rate
B)ignore the base rate; focus on the base rate
C)look for positive qualities; look for negative qualities
D)look for negative qualities; look for positive qualities

Accepted Answer

When asked who should be awarded custody, people tend to focus on positive qualities of the parents. Conversely, when asked who should be denied custody, they focus on negative qualities.

Question 15

Regarding intelligence, creativity, and wisdom, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A)Rational thinking can lead to correct, but uninspired answers.
B)People who are wise tend to be intelligent, but not creative.
C)Wise people are open and tolerant.
D)People can be intelligent without being wise or creative.

Accepted Answer

This statement is false as research has shown that people who are wise tend to be both intelligent and creative. Intelligence is the ability to acquire knowledge and solve problems, while creativity is the ability to generate ideas and solutions that are original and valuable. Wise individuals combine both intelligence and creativity to make sound decisions and solve complex problems effectively.

Question 16

According to the text, framing is associated with which of the following?
A)morphemes
B)decision-making
C)the structure of intelligence
D)creative production

Accepted Answer

The text states that framing is associated with decision-making.

Question 17

Regarding intelligence, creativity, and wisdom, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?
A)People can be intelligent without being wise.
B)People can be intelligent without being creative.
C)Wise people are open and tolerant.
D)All of these are true statements.

Accepted Answer

All of the statements are true. Intelligence, creativity, and wisdom are all important aspects of human cognition, and they can all be developed and improved through practice.

Question 18

Intelligence cannot be
A)operationally defined.
B)observed directly.
C)measured.
D)any of these.

Accepted Answer

Intelligence cannot be observed directly; it is inferred from behaviors such as performance on tests, problem-solving abilities, and learning capacity.

Question 19

Wisdom involves which of the following characteristics?
A)creativity
B)convergent thinking
C)tolerance
D)all of these

Accepted Answer

Wisdom involves all of these characteristics: creativity, convergent thinking, and tolerance.

Question 20

The person responsible for the development and design of the first useful individual test of intelligence is
A)Freud.
B)Terman.
C)Binet.
D)Wechsler.

Accepted Answer

The development and design of the first useful individual test of intelligence is credited to Alfred Binet, a French psychologist. He developed the Binet-Simon Scale, which was the first standardized intelligence test designed to measure intellectual abilities in children. Other psychologists like Terman, Wechsler, and Freud contributed to the field of intelligence testing, but they did not develop the first individual test of intelligence.

Quiz 9: Extension B: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

If people did not _____, they would probably not make the decisions to marry in the face of a 50 percent divorce rate or start high-risk businesses.

Usually, the _____ way of framing or stating a problem produces the best decisions.

Decision-making often can be influenced by _____, which refers to the way that a problem is stated or structured.

In selecting a career, it is best to

A person is asked to decide on a major in school; another is asked to decide on a career.We may say that the different answers they give to broad and specific questions are because of

Framing decisions narrowly

Regarding a custody matter, two judges are each given profiles of the two parents.One judge is asked, "Which parent should be awarded custody?" while the other judge is asked, "Which parent should be denied custody?" The judges are most likely see this custody situation differently because of the

A potential danger of an intelligent person using only rational thinking is that

_____ represents a mixture of convergent thinking, intelligence, reason, creativity, originality, openness, and tolerance.

_____ can channel us down a narrow path so we attend to only part of the information provided, rather than weighing all the pros and cons.

In 1904, the minister of education in Paris asked _____ to find a way to distinguish slower students from the more capable (or the capable but lazy) ; and the modern intelligence test was "born."

One doctor tells you that you have a 10% chance of dying during the surgery, while another doctor tells you that you have a 90% chance of survival if you have the surgery.Understanding that you have the same survival odds means that you have not succumbed to

The way a question is stated before problem-solving begins is known as

When asked the question, "Which parent should be awarded custody?" people _.However, if they are asked, "Which parent should be denied custody?" they _.

Regarding intelligence, creativity, and wisdom, which of the following statements is FALSE?

According to the text, framing is associated with which of the following?

Regarding intelligence, creativity, and wisdom, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

Intelligence cannot be

Wisdom involves which of the following characteristics?

The person responsible for the development and design of the first useful individual test of intelligence is