Question 1

IQ scores for fraternal twins are more alike than those of ordinary siblings because
A)parents tend to treat twins alike.
B)they are genetically alike.
C)fraternal twins are always the same sex.
D)intelligence is 80 percent hereditary.

Accepted Answer

Fraternal twins often experience similar environments and parental treatment, which can lead to more similar IQ scores compared to ordinary siblings.

Question 2

Fraternal twins
A)come from two separate eggs fertilized at the same time.
B)are genetically no more alike than ordinary siblings.
C)have IQs that are more alike than the IQs of ordinary siblings when both the twins and the ordinary siblings are raised in the same environment.
D)are characterized by all of these.

Accepted Answer

Fraternal twins come from two separate eggs fertilized at the same time, making them genetically no more alike than ordinary siblings. However, research has shown that fraternal twins have IQs that are more alike than the IQs of ordinary siblings when both are raised in the same environment. Therefore, choice D is the best answer.

Question 3

Among the following, which have the closest correlation between their IQs?
A)parents and children
B)grandparents and grandchildren
C)siblings of the same sex raised together
D)identical twins raised apart

Accepted Answer

Identical twins raised apart have the closest correlation between their IQs because they have the same genetic makeup and therefore share many of the same cognitive abilities and traits. Research has shown that the correlation coefficient for IQ scores of identical twins raised apart can be as high as 0.70-0.80, which is much higher than the correlations for other types of relatives.

Question 4

While one group of children with an intellectual disability was moved from an orphanage to a more stimulating environment, a second group of children who were less intellectually disabled stayed at the orphanage.This second group of children who were less intellectually disabled showed
A)no change in IQ scores.
B)an average increase of 29 points.
C)an average decrease of 26 points.
D)a slight IQ increase, which faded after being adopted.

Accepted Answer

The second group of children, who stayed in the less stimulating orphanage environment, showed an average decrease of 26 points in IQ scores, likely due to the lack of stimulation and support.

Question 5

Regarding the twins studies on intelligence, _____ twins come from two separate eggs fertilized at the same time, while _____ twins develop frim a single egg and have the exact same genes.
A)Monozygotic; dizygotic
B)Fraternal; identical
C)Identical; fraternal
D)Monozygotic; identical

Accepted Answer

Fraternal twins come from two separate eggs and are genetically similar to regular siblings, while identical twins develop from a single egg and share the same genetic makeup.

Question 6

Support for the environmentalist viewpoint of intelligence comes from
A)the finding that the environment accounts for 70 to 80 percent of intelligence.
B)studies showing that children reared by the same mother resemble her IQ to the same degree, whether or not they share her genes.
C)studies showing that test tube baby twins have IQs more similar to the surrogate mother than to the natural mother.
D)studies demonstrating greater similarity between a child's intelligence and their biological, rather than their adoptive, parents.

Accepted Answer

This choice provides direct evidence for the impact of environment on intelligence, as children reared by the same mother have similar IQ scores even if they do not share genes. Choices A and C do not accurately reflect the current understanding of the heritability of intelligence, and choice D suggests a genetic influence on intelligence rather than an environmental one.

Question 7

Which of the following comparisons would be MOST useful to support an argument for the effects of environment on intellectual differences?
A)IQ correlations between fraternal twins compared with correlations between identical twins
B)IQ correlations between identical twins reared together with correlations between identical twins reared apart
C)comparison of families with one adopted child and one biological child
D)comparisons of adopted identical twins and adopted fraternal twins

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following comparisons would be...

Question 8

Which of the following statements would be an argument used by the environmentalists' view of intelligence?
A)The IQs of some separated twins differ by as much as 20 points when the twins grow up with big educational and environmental differences.
B)Being placed in homes socially and educationally similar to their biological parents tends to inflate apparent genetic effects by making separated twins' IQs more alike.
C)The IQ of identical twins reared apart is inflated by the fact that identical twins grow up in the same prenatal environment.
D)All of these would be arguments used by the environmentalists' view of intelligence.

Accepted Answer

All of the statements suggest that environmental factors play a significant role in determining intelligence. The first statement emphasizes the impact of educational and environmental differences on IQ scores, while the second statement suggests that social and educational similarities can create the illusion of genetic effects. The third statement suggests that prenatal environment is a crucial factor in intelligence, further supporting the role of environmental factors.

Question 9

Advantages of artificial intelligence include all of the following EXCEPT
A)the presentation of fast, effortless solutions.
B)the presentation of a wide range of creative solutions.
C)displaying advanced knowledge of a specific topic or skill.
D)acting as a "laboratory" for testing hypotheses.

Accepted Answer

The statement mentions advantages of artificial intelligence, and option B presents a positive advantage. Therefore, it does not belong in the list of things that are not advantages. The other options (A, C, and D) are also advantages of artificial intelligence.

Question 10

Regarding the comparison of identical twins reared together and reared apart, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A)Identical twins tend to have similar personalities.
B)Identical twins develop from a single egg and have identical genes.
C)Identical twins reared together have a correlation between their IQs of 0.86, which only drops to 0.72 when the identical twins are reared apart.
D)Psychologists who emphasize genetics believe that the correlations between identical twins show that adult intelligence is roughly 80 percent hereditary.

Accepted Answer

Psychologists who emphasize genetics generally believe that adult intelligence is significantly influenced by heredity, but the estimate is not as high as 80 percent. It is typically considered to be around 50-70 percent.

Question 11

Of the following, the greatest correlation in IQ scores can be observed between
A)identical twins reared apart.
B)fraternal twins reared together.
C)siblings reared together.
D)parents and their children.

Accepted Answer

Identical twins share 100% of their genes and any difference in their IQ scores can be attributed to environmental factors. When reared apart, their shared environment is minimized and any similarity in their IQ scores can be attributed to genetics. Studies have shown that the correlation in IQ scores between identical twins reared apart is higher than any other combination, including fraternal twins reared together, siblings reared together, and parents and their children.

Question 12

Which of the following provides strong evidence for an environmental view of intelligence?
A)identical twins reared together
B)families with one adopted and one biological child
C)identical twins reared apart
D)the Bell Curve studies

Accepted Answer

Families with one adopted and one biological child provide strong evidence for an environmental view of intelligence because any similarities in intelligence between the adopted and biological children can be attributed to the shared environment rather than genetics.

Question 13

The correlation of intelligence test scores between identical twins is
A)higher when they are raised together than when they are raised apart.
B)greater than that for fraternal twins raised together.
C)higher than that for any other blood relatives.
D)all of these.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that identical twins who are raised together have a higher correlation of intelligence test scores compared to identical twins raised apart. Furthermore, the correlation of intelligence test scores between identical twins is greater than that for fraternal twins raised together. Additionally, the correlation of intelligence test scores between identical twins is higher than that for any other blood relatives. Therefore, option D is the correct answer as it encompasses all the above-mentioned assertions.

Question 14

In the Skeels study, children with an intellectual disability were moved from an orphanage to a setting in which they could receive more personal attention.Their IQs, on average,
A)decreased 26 points due to the trauma of the move.
B)showed no change even with the extra attention.
C)increased 29 points with the extra attention.
D)increased slightly, but decreased after being adopted.

Accepted Answer

The Skeels study found that the children's IQs increased by an average of 29 points after being moved to a setting with more personal attention, indicating that the extra attention had a positive impact on their intellectual functioning.

Question 15

The use of _____ is the main technique for estimating how much heredity and environment affect intelligence.
A)high-stakes testing
B)twin studies
C)artificial intelligence
D)culture-fair testing

Accepted Answer

Twin studies involve comparing the similarities in intelligence between identical twins who share 100% of their genes, and fraternal twins who share only 50% of their genes. By comparing these two groups, researchers can estimate how much of the variability in intelligence is due to genetic factors, and how much is due to environmental factors. This method has been used extensively in behavioral genetics research to study the heritability of intelligence.

Question 16

Studies in which children are exposed to more stimulating and educationally advantageous environments show that
A)intelligence is basically inherited.
B)there is no limit to possible improvements in IQ.
C)the IQs of normal children can be increased, but not those of children who are intellectually disabled.
D)environment has a significant effect on intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Studies have consistently shown that environmental factors have a significant effect on intelligence. Children who are exposed to more stimulating and educationally advantageous environments tend to have higher IQs than those who are not. This effect is seen in both normal children and those with intellectual disabilities, although the extent of the improvement may vary. These studies suggest that intelligence is not purely inherited and that educational interventions can make a substantial difference in a child's intellectual development.

Question 17

Because identical twins separated at birth did have the same prenatal environment and are often placed in homes that are socially and educationally similar, some researchers believe that intelligence would seem to
A)be roughly 80 percent hereditary.
B)be around 66 percent hereditary.
C)be less than 50 percent hereditary.
D)have no hereditary basis.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Because identical twins separated at birth did...

Question 18

When children considered to have an intellectual disability were moved from an orphanage to more stimulating environments,
A)their IQ test scores improved slightly.
B)they became better adjusted and happier, but did not improve intellectually.
C)their IQ test scores rose an average of 29 points.
D)their IQ rose sufficiently to allow reclassification from mildly to borderline intellectually disabled.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is C, as studies have shown that when children with intellectual disabilities are moved from institutionalized environments to more stimulating and nurturing environments, their IQ test scores have been shown to improve an average of 29 points.

Question 19

In studies of families with one biological child and one adopted child, the results concluded that
A)the biological child had an IQ similar to the mother's IQ, but the adopted child did not.
B)the adopted child's IQ was almost identical to his/her biological mother's IQ, although reared away from her.
C)both the biological and adopted child had IQs similar to the mother that was rearing them.
D)the adopted child's IQ was always significantly below the IQ of both his/her adopted mother and adopted sibling.

Accepted Answer

Both the biological and adopted child had IQs similar to the mother that was rearing them.

Question 20

The correlation of IQs between identical twins reared together is 0.86 and drops to 0.72 when the identical twins are reared apart.Psychologists who emphasize genetics take this to mean that
A)genetics plays no role in determining intelligence.
B)IQs tend to follow the mother.
C)differences in adult intelligence are roughly 50 percent hereditary.
D)the first few months of a baby's life are critical in the formation of intelligence.

Accepted Answer

The high correlation of IQs between identical twins reared together indicates that genetics plays a significant role in determining intelligence, and the drop in correlation when twins are reared apart suggests that environmental factors also play a role. The correlation of 0.86 indicates that 86% of the variation in IQs can be explained by genetics, while the correlation of 0.72 when twins are reared apart suggests that environmental factors account for the remaining 28% of variation. Therefore, psychologists who emphasize genetics tend to believe that differences in adult intelligence are roughly 50% hereditary.

Quiz 9: Extension C: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

IQ scores for fraternal twins are more alike than those of ordinary siblings because

Fraternal twins

Among the following, which have the closest correlation between their IQs?

While one group of children with an intellectual disability was moved from an orphanage to a more stimulating environment, a second group of children who were less intellectually disabled stayed at the orphanage.This second group of children who were less intellectually disabled showed

Regarding the twins studies on intelligence, _ twins come from two separate eggs fertilized at the same time, while _ twins develop frim a single egg and have the exact same genes.

Support for the environmentalist viewpoint of intelligence comes from

Which of the following comparisons would be MOST useful to support an argument for the effects of environment on intellectual differences?

Which of the following statements would be an argument used by the environmentalists' view of intelligence?

Advantages of artificial intelligence include all of the following EXCEPT

Regarding the comparison of identical twins reared together and reared apart, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Of the following, the greatest correlation in IQ scores can be observed between

Which of the following provides strong evidence for an environmental view of intelligence?

The correlation of intelligence test scores between identical twins is

In the Skeels study, children with an intellectual disability were moved from an orphanage to a setting in which they could receive more personal attention.Their IQs, on average,

The use of _____ is the main technique for estimating how much heredity and environment affect intelligence.

Studies in which children are exposed to more stimulating and educationally advantageous environments show that

Because identical twins separated at birth did have the same prenatal environment and are often placed in homes that are socially and educationally similar, some researchers believe that intelligence would seem to

When children considered to have an intellectual disability were moved from an orphanage to more stimulating environments,

In studies of families with one biological child and one adopted child, the results concluded that

The correlation of IQs between identical twins reared together is 0.86 and drops to 0.72 when the identical twins are reared apart.Psychologists who emphasize genetics take this to mean that