Question 1

Dr.Agnew remarks that cross-culturally,rites of passage may be more common for young males than for young females because males have higher status than do females in most cultures.Dr.Blaine counters by suggesting that rites of passage may be more common for young males than for young females because,unlike females,males do not experience the onset of menstruation,a well-defined event marking the end of childhood.Which of the following option characterizes the views of professors on the issue of nature vs nurture?
A) Both take a "nature" position.
B) Both take a "nurture" position.
C) Dr.Agnew takes a "nature" position;Dr.Blaine,a "nurture" position.
D) Dr.Agnew takes a "nurture" position;Dr.Blaine,a "nature" position.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Agnew's view focuses on the societal and cultural factors (nurture) influencing rites of passage, while Dr. Blaine emphasizes a biological event (nature) as a distinguishing factor.

Question 2

Which technique of developmental researchers requires a significant expenditure of time as the researcher waits for the participants to get older?
A) Longitudinal research
B) Cross-sectional research
C) Empirical research
D) Applied research

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal research involves following the same group of participants over an extended period of time, often years, to observe changes and continuity in their development. This technique requires a significant expenditure of time as the researcher waits for the participants to get older, which is not required in cross-sectional, empirical, or applied research.

Question 3

Which of the following statements correctly identifies an advantage or a disadvantage of developmental research methods?
A) Longitudinal studies indicate changes in behavior over time.
B) Sequential studies are quite inexpensive.
C) Cross-sectional studies consider a number of different age groups and examine them at several points in time.
D) Cross-sectional studies require a greater time investment.

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal studies allow researchers to observe changes in behavior over time, which can provide valuable insight into how behaviors develop and change.

Question 4

Cross-sectional research techniques provide information about age _____ in development between different age groups.Longitudinal research techniques provide information concerning _____ in behavior over time.
A) changes;age differences
B) changes;age changes
C) differences;age differences
D) differences;changes

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional research compares different age groups at a single point in time to identify differences, while longitudinal research follows the same group over time to observe changes in behavior.

Question 5

Laura and Celia are identical twins.They were adopted at birth by different families and raised in different environments.However,there are a lot of behavioral similarities between them.In the context of developmental psychology,which of the following best explains this phenomenon?
A) Their similarities reflect the influence of nature on development.
B) Their similarities are a result of differences in nurture.
C) Their similarities reflect the opposition that nurture poses to nature.
D) Their similarities prove that they were not affected by their genetic makeup.

Accepted Answer

The fact that identical twins raised in different environments exhibit behavioral similarities indicates that nature (genetic makeup) plays a stronger role in development than nurture (environmental influences). This phenomenon is often used to study the relative contributions of nature and nurture to development.

Question 6

Which of the following describes a risk associated with cross-sectional research on IQ?
A) In a cross-sectional study that compares IQ scores,the difference in IQ scores of 25-year-olds and 45-year-olds is due to differences in educational attainment.
B) In a cross-sectional study that compares IQ scores,the difference in IQ scores of 25-year-olds and 45-year-olds is due to the 45-year-olds having taken the same test at several points in time.
C) In a cross-sectional study,the participants may move or die before the study has been completed.
D) In a cross-sectional study,the researchers incur significant expenditure of time as he or she waits for the participants to get older.

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional research can conflate age-related differences with generational or cohort effects, such as differences in educational attainment between age groups, rather than changes due to aging itself.

Question 7

_____ are rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information.
A) Spleens
B) Chromosomes
C) Serotonins
D) Norepinephrines

Accepted Answer

Chromosomes are the rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information in the form of genes. Spleens are organs involved in filtering blood, while serotonins and norepinephrines are neurotransmitters involved in the regulation of mood and other bodily functions.

Question 8

A normal fertilized egg,or zygote,contains _____ pairs of chromosomes.
A) 46
B) 21
C) 23
D) 2

Accepted Answer

A normal fertilized egg, or zygote, contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes.

Question 9

Which of the following is a disadvantage associated with longitudinal research?
A) It cannot deal with the problem of a cohort group.
B) It is time consuming.
C) It cannot assess change in behavior over time.
D) It cannot trace the behavior of more than two participants at a time.

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal research is time consuming because it involves collecting data over an extended period of time. This can be a disadvantage because it can lead to potential participant attrition, greater cost, and more resources needed for data collection and analysis. The other options listed are not disadvantages associated with longitudinal research.

Question 10

Maria is studying the effects of calcium on the development of children.So,she administers varying levels of calcium to two groups of children,one group consisting of children aged five and the other group consisting of children aged ten.She studies the growth rate of these two groups regularly over a period of one year.On the basis of the given evidence,it would be most accurate to say that Maria is using the _____ research.
A) cross-sectional
B) factorial
C) longitudinal
D) single case experimental

Accepted Answer

Maria is studying the growth rate of the two groups (aged five and ten) over a period of one year, which indicates that she is using longitudinal research as she is looking at changes in the same group of individuals over time.

Question 11

The difference between cross-sectional research methods and longitudinal research methods is that:
A) Longitudinal studies assess change in behavior over time,whereas cross-sectional studies assess differences among groups of people.
B) Cross-sectional studies are more time consuming as compared to longitudinal studies.
C) Longitudinal research methods do not allow the comparison of more than two participants,while cross-sectional research methods allow for more comparisons.
D) Cross-sectional research is a combination of longitudinal research and sequential research.

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional studies are often used to compare different groups of people at one point in time, while longitudinal studies assess the same group of people over an extended period of time to measure changes. Therefore, the best answer is that longitudinal studies assess change in behavior over time, whereas cross-sectional studies assess differences among groups of people.

Question 12

A researcher raises a sample of unrelated macaque monkeys in identical laboratory environments.He finds large differences among these monkeys in their preference for novel visual stimuli.What might the researcher legitimately conclude concerning the relative contributions of nature and nurture to the preference for visual novelty?
A) Nurture has a major influence on the monkeys' preference for visual novelty.
B) Nature contributes substantially to the monkeys' preference for visual novelty.
C) Both nature and nurture have equal influence on the monkeys' preference for visual novelty.
D) Neither nature nor nurture has the ability to regulate the monkeys' preference for visual novelty.

Accepted Answer

The researcher finding large differences in monkeys' preference for visual stimuli suggests that nature, or genetic factors, plays a significant role in determining this preference. While nurture or environmental factors may also contribute, the fact that the monkeys were raised in identical laboratory environments suggests that they did not have significant environmental differences that could account for such large variations in visual preference. Therefore, the most reasonable conclusion is that nature has a substantial influence on the monkeys' preference for visual novelty.

Question 13

Max is a graduate student who wants to find a relation between identity formation and the influence of the environment.For this purpose,he interviews a group of 5-year-olds,a group of 10-year-olds,and a group of 15-year-olds,and asks them what they plan to be when they finish school.In this example,Mark is using a _____ research method.
A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) single case experimental
D) sequential

Accepted Answer

Mark is using a cross-sectional research method because he is interviewing different groups of participants at a single point in time to compare their responses and draw conclusions about the relationship between age and identity formation. A longitudinal method would involve following the same group of participants over an extended period of time. A single case experimental method would involve manipulating variables for a single participant to draw conclusions, and a sequential method would involve combining both cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches.

Question 14

Which of the following primarily studies the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life?
A) Oncology
B) Developmental psychology
C) Cytology
D) Parapsychology

Accepted Answer

Developmental psychology primarily studies the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life, including physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development. Oncology is the study and treatment of cancer, cytology is the study of cells, and parapsychology is the study of paranormal and psychic phenomena.

Question 15

Which of the following is TRUE of cross-sectional research?
A) It traces the behavior of one or more participants as the participants' age.
B) It does not provide information about differences in development between different age groups.
C) It compares people of different ages at the same point in time.
D) It assesses change in behavior over time.

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional research involves comparing people of different ages at the same point in time. It does not track the behavior of one or more participants over time, nor does it provide information about changes in behavior over time.

Question 16

Dr.Edward is testing the same individuals repeatedly over time as part of a research study,while Dr.Janice is comparing the performance of different people of various ages at the same time.Dr.Edward is using a _____ research method;Dr.Janice is using a _____ method.
A) cross-sectional;longitudinal
B) longitudinal;cross-sectional
C) sequential;simultaneous
D) sequential;cross-sectional

Accepted Answer

Dr.Edward is using a longitudinal research method as he is testing the same individuals repeatedly over time. 
Dr.Janice is using a cross-sectional research method as she is comparing the performance of different people of various ages at the same time. Therefore, the best choice is B.

Question 17

Dona is a graduate student investigating the development of fine motor skills.She selects a group of children and assesses their fine motor skills every six months over a two-year period.In this example,Dona is using a _____ research method.
A) cross-sectional
B) transversal
C) longitudinal
D) single case experimental

Accepted Answer

Dona is using a longitudinal research method because she is observing the same group of children over a period of two years at multiple time points.

Question 18

Arrange the following genetic materials in increasing order of their size based on the way they occur naturally.
A) DNA,gene,and chromosome
B) DNA,chromosome,and gene
C) Gene,DNA,and chromosome
D) Gene,chromosome,and DNA

Accepted Answer

The answer of Arrange the following genetic materials in increasing...

Question 19

One baby receives an X chromosome from its mother and an X chromosome from its father;it will develop as a _____.A second baby receives an X chromosome from its mother and a Y chromosome from its father;it will develop as a _____.
A) male;female
B) female;male
C) male or a female;male or a female
D) female;female

Accepted Answer

The first baby, with two X chromosomes (XX), will develop as female. The second baby, with one X and one Y chromosome (XY), will develop as male.

Question 20

Which of the following is TRUE about longitudinal research?
A) It combines cross-sectional and sequential research.
B) It traces the behavior of one or more participants as the participants get older.
C) It assesses differences among groups of people at one point of time.
D) It is not as time consuming as cross-sectional research.

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal research tracks the behavior of one or more participants over a period of time as they age or progress through various stages.

Quiz 9: Development

Which technique of developmental researchers requires a significant expenditure of time as the researcher waits for the participants to get older?

Which of the following statements correctly identifies an advantage or a disadvantage of developmental research methods?

Cross-sectional research techniques provide information about age _ in development between different age groups.Longitudinal research techniques provide information concerning _ in behavior over time.

Laura and Celia are identical twins.They were adopted at birth by different families and raised in different environments.However,there are a lot of behavioral similarities between them.In the context of developmental psychology,which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

Which of the following describes a risk associated with cross-sectional research on IQ?

_____ are rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information.

A normal fertilized egg,or zygote,contains _____ pairs of chromosomes.

Which of the following is a disadvantage associated with longitudinal research?

The difference between cross-sectional research methods and longitudinal research methods is that:

Which of the following primarily studies the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life?

Which of the following is TRUE of cross-sectional research?

Dr.Edward is testing the same individuals repeatedly over time as part of a research study,while Dr.Janice is comparing the performance of different people of various ages at the same time.Dr.Edward is using a _ research method;Dr.Janice is using a _ method.

Dona is a graduate student investigating the development of fine motor skills.She selects a group of children and assesses their fine motor skills every six months over a two-year period.In this example,Dona is using a _____ research method.

Arrange the following genetic materials in increasing order of their size based on the way they occur naturally.

One baby receives an X chromosome from its mother and an X chromosome from its father;it will develop as a _.A second baby receives an X chromosome from its mother and a Y chromosome from its father;it will develop as a _.

Which of the following is TRUE about longitudinal research?