Question 1

The original formulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis was based on ____.
A) Freud's theories about aggression
B) social learning theory
C) behaviorist theories about aggression
D) evolutionary theories about aggression

Accepted Answer

The original formulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis was heavily influenced by Freud's theories about aggression, which posited that aggression is an instinctive response to frustration.

Question 2

What does the text conclude about the human "instinct" for aggression?
A) There is no such thing.
B) Humans do seem to have an instinct for aggression, and culture seems to have little impact on it.
C) Humans do seem to have an instinct for aggression, and, in general, culture tends to feed that instinct and encourage even more aggression.
D) Humans do seem to have an instinct for aggression, but, in general, culture tends to curb that instinct and reduce aggression.

Accepted Answer

The text suggests that while humans do have an instinct for aggression, culture tends to curb that instinct and reduce aggression. Therefore, option D is the best choice.

Question 3

Tina watches a film in which the main character aggressively yells at his mother when he doesn't get what he wants. Later that day, Tina yells at her own mother in a similar way after failing to get something she wants. The process at play here, according to social learning theorists, is ____.
A) projection
B) monitoring
C) validation
D) modeling

Accepted Answer

According to social learning theorists, the process at play in this scenario is modeling. This means that Tina is imitating the behavior of the main character in the film, who is serving as a model for her own behavior. Social learning theory suggests that people can learn new behaviors by observing others, and that this process can be particularly powerful when the model is perceived as attractive or credible in some way (such as being the main character in a film).

Question 4

According to ____, human motivational forces, such as sex and aggression, are based on instincts.
A) Richard Nisbett
B) Walter Mischel
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Albert Bandura

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud is famous for his theory of psychoanalysis, in which he proposed that human behavior is motivated by unconscious instincts, including the drive for sex and aggression.

Question 5

As discussed in the text, the Freudian theory of aggression ____.
A) seems to be basically correct for describing hostile aggression, but does not account for instrumental aggression
B) seems to be basically correct for describing same-sex, competitive forms of aggression, but does not account for other forms of aggression
C) needs a major overhaul
D) is basically right, but did not go far enough in specifying how people decide whether or not to act upon aggressive impulses

Accepted Answer

The text suggests that the Freudian theory of aggression needs a major overhaul, indicating that it is not a reliable or accurate description of aggression.

Question 6

Olivia watches several pornographic films and then-without even realizing it-imitates some of the behaviors from the films when she is with her boyfriend. The social learning process at play here is called ____.
A) projection
B) monitoring
C) validation
D) modeling

Accepted Answer

The social learning process at play here is modeling, as Olivia is observing and imitating the behaviors she sees in the films without consciously realizing it.

Question 7

As defined by Freud, the term thanatos refers to ____.
A) suicidal thinking
B) a destructive, death instinct
C) any same-sex competitive activity
D) an aggressive personality type

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, thanatos is a destructive, death instinct. It is the opposing force to the life instinct, eros.

Question 8

In his early writings, Freud proposed that humans have a constructive, life-giving instinct, which he called ____.
A) Thanatos
B) Eros
C) Jocasta
D) Ares

Accepted Answer

In his early writings, Freud proposed the concept of two primal instincts: Eros, which drives individuals to pursue pleasure and reproduction, and Thanatos, which drives individuals towards death and destruction. Eros is often associated with the constructive, life-giving instinct that Freud wrote about. Therefore, the correct answer is B) Eros.

Question 9

The proposal that "the occurrence of aggressive behavior always presupposes the existence of frustration [and] the existence of frustration always leads to some form of aggression" is known as ____.
A) the frustration-aggression hypothesis
B) the hostile expectation bias
C) relational aggression theory
D) displacement

Accepted Answer

The statement in the proposal reflects the frustration-aggression hypothesis, which suggests that frustration is a necessary condition for aggression to occur and aggression is a likely consequence of frustration. Choice B refers to a cognitive bias where an individual expects others to behave aggressively towards them, while choice C refers to a type of aggression that harms relationships instead of physical harm. Choice D refers to the displacement of aggression from one target to another.

Question 10

Freud proposed that people have a life-giving instinct as well as a "death instinct." He called the latter ____.
A) Jocasta
B) Eros
C) Oedipus
D) Thanatos

Accepted Answer

Freud called the "death instinct" Thanatos, which he contributed to aggressive and self-destructive tendencies in individuals.

Question 11

Which of the following is a well-known program of aggression research based on the social learning paradigm?
A) Richard Nisbett's "culture of honor" research
B) Muzafer Sherif's "Robber's Cave" research
C) Philip Zimbardo's "Stanford prison" research
D) Albert Bandura's "Bobo doll" research

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura's "Bobo doll" research is a well-known program of aggression research based on the social learning paradigm. This research involved children observing an adult model interacting aggressively with a Bobo doll, and later imitating that behavior themselves. The study demonstrated the role of observational learning and reinforcement in the acquisition and expression of aggressive behavior.

Question 12

According to ____, people learn to behave aggressively in the same way that they learn other things-by direct experience and by observing others.
A) instrumental learning theory
B) social learning theory
C) relational aggression theory
D) the cultural relativity hypothesis

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory proposes that individuals learn through both direct experience and observation of others. This theory suggests that aggressive behavior is modeled and reinforced through observing others who engage in aggressive behaviors or who are rewarded for such behaviors.

Question 13

In the initial conceptualization of the frustration-aggression hypothesis, frustration was defined as ____.
A) blocking or interfering with a goal
B) a mild form of anger
C) anything that reduced pleasure
D) anything that wounded a person's ego or sense of self-esteem

Accepted Answer

The frustration-aggression hypothesis posits that frustration, defined as blocking or interfering with a goal, leads to aggression. This was the initial conceptualization of the hypothesis proposed by Dollard et al. in 1939.

Question 14

According to research on social learning theory, when people are presented with aggressive models, what happens?
A) They experience catharsis.
B) They show a decrease in prosocial behaviors and an increase in aggressive feelings and behaviors.
C) They experience catharsis and show an increase in aggressive feelings and behaviors.
D) They experience catharsis, show a decrease in prosocial behaviors, and show an increase in aggressive feelings and behaviors.

Accepted Answer

According to research on social learning theory, when people are presented with aggressive models, they show a decrease in prosocial behaviors and an increase in aggressive feelings and behaviors. Catharsis, or a release of aggressive energy, is not always experienced and may actually increase the likelihood of future aggressive behavior. Therefore, the best choice is B.

Question 15

What distinguishes bullying from other acts of aggression?
A) It is physical in nature.
B) It is social in nature.
C) It is persistent.
D) It is short-lived.

Accepted Answer

Bullying is characterized by its persistent nature, meaning it occurs repeatedly over time, distinguishing it from other acts of aggression that might be one-time occurrences.

Question 16

Are humans instinctively violent? It would be most accurate to say that ____.
A) humans are naturally more or less nonviolent, and that society encourages violence
B) humans are naturally somewhat violent, but that society can significantly change and shape aggressive patterns
C) humans are naturally violent, and society can ultimately have only a limited impact on levels of aggression
D) human aggression varies enormously across time and location-with some societies showing no violence at all and others showing large amounts of violence-and is therefore likely to be purely a product of culture

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that humans have some natural capacity for aggression, but the expression and level of aggression is heavily influenced and shaped by cultural and societal norms. While some societies have shown no violence at all, others have shown high levels of violence, indicating that aggression is not purely a product of biology, but rather a combination of biological and environmental factors.

Question 17

Research on social learning theory and aggression suggests that aggressive models can influence people to behave more aggressively ____.
A) but only if the model is live (rather than filmed)
B) but only if the model's target is a real person (rather than a doll)
C) but only if the model is live (rather than filmed) AND the model's target is a real person (rather than a doll)
D) regardless of whether the model is live or filmed, and regardless of whether the model's target is a real person (rather than a doll)

Accepted Answer

Research on social learning theory and aggression has shown that aggressive models can impact people to behave more aggressively regardless of whether the model is live or filmed and regardless of whether the model's target is a real person or a doll.

Question 18

Use of the Internet to bully others is called ____.
A) identity theft
B) virtual littering
C) antisocial behavior
D) cyberbullying

Accepted Answer

Cyberbullying refers to the use of the internet to harass, intimidate, or threaten someone else. It can take many forms, such as posting negative comments on social media, sending hurtful messages or emails, spreading rumors online, or sharing embarrassing pictures or videos. Cyberbullying can have serious consequences for the victim's mental health and wellbeing, and it is a growing concern in today's digital world.

Question 19

Research suggests that people often learn to behave in particular ways based on modeling (observing and copying others' behaviors). Which statement best describes how aggressive and nonaggressive models work?
A) Aggressive models can increase aggressive behavior. However, nonaggressive models do not appear to have much impact on people's behavior.
B) Aggressive models can increase aggressive behavior and nonaggressive models can decrease it.
C) Aggressive models do not appear to have much impact on people's behavior. However, nonaggressive models can decrease aggressive behavior.
D) Neither aggressive models nor nonaggressive models appear to have much impact on people's behavior.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that both aggressive and nonaggressive models can impact people's behavior. Aggressive models can increase aggressive behavior, while nonaggressive models can decrease it.

Question 20

Albert Bandura's "Bobo doll" research provided support for ____.
A) the idea of catharsis
B) the frustration-aggression hypothesis
C) social learning theory
D) the idea of displaced aggression

Accepted Answer

Bandura's "Bobo doll" research provided support for social learning theory, which focuses on how people learn through observation and imitation of others' behaviors. In the study, children who watched an adult model express aggressive behavior towards a Bobo doll were more likely to exhibit similar aggressive behavior towards the doll themselves. This suggests that behavior can be learned through observation and reinforcement.

Quiz 10: Aggression and Antisocial Behavior

The original formulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis was based on ____.

What does the text conclude about the human "instinct" for aggression?

Tina watches a film in which the main character aggressively yells at his mother when he doesn't get what he wants. Later that day, Tina yells at her own mother in a similar way after failing to get something she wants. The process at play here, according to social learning theorists, is ____.

According to ____, human motivational forces, such as sex and aggression, are based on instincts.

As discussed in the text, the Freudian theory of aggression ____.

Olivia watches several pornographic films and then-without even realizing it-imitates some of the behaviors from the films when she is with her boyfriend. The social learning process at play here is called ____.

As defined by Freud, the term thanatos refers to ____.

In his early writings, Freud proposed that humans have a constructive, life-giving instinct, which he called ____.

The proposal that "the occurrence of aggressive behavior always presupposes the existence of frustration [and] the existence of frustration always leads to some form of aggression" is known as ____.

Freud proposed that people have a life-giving instinct as well as a "death instinct." He called the latter ____.

Which of the following is a well-known program of aggression research based on the social learning paradigm?

According to ____, people learn to behave aggressively in the same way that they learn other things-by direct experience and by observing others.

In the initial conceptualization of the frustration-aggression hypothesis, frustration was defined as ____.

According to research on social learning theory, when people are presented with aggressive models, what happens?

What distinguishes bullying from other acts of aggression?

Are humans instinctively violent? It would be most accurate to say that ____.

Research on social learning theory and aggression suggests that aggressive models can influence people to behave more aggressively ____.

Use of the Internet to bully others is called ____.

Research suggests that people often learn to behave in particular ways based on modeling (observing and copying others' behaviors) . Which statement best describes how aggressive and nonaggressive models work?

Albert Bandura's "Bobo doll" research provided support for ____.