Question 1

When does status frustration emerge?
A)when lower-class boys are unable to live up to the middle-class measuring rod in schools
B)when upper-class boys are unable to live up to the high expectations their parents have of them
C)when there is a gap between institutionalized goals and the legitimate means of achieving those goals
D)when lower-class boys who get high grades in school become outcasts among their lower-class peers
E)when members of the upper-class feel they must turn to corporate crime in order to achieve the goals of the corporation

Accepted Answer

Status frustration emerges when individuals from lower classes who are unable to meet the middle-class standards and expectations face obstacles that prevent them from achieving their goals. This frustration may manifest itself in various ways such as delinquency or aggression towards society.

Question 2

Which of the following is not one of the components of Agnew's General Strain Theory?
A)strain occurs when we are unable to achieve goals
B)strain is not sufficient to lead to deviance on its own
C)negative emotions occur, particularly if the strain is seen as unjust
D)people need to be able to justify their actions - even those that are deviant
E)mediators for negative affect are coping strategies

Accepted Answer

All of the other options are components of Agnew's General Strain Theory. Option D is not a component, but rather a concept that is related to the theory - the idea that individuals need to justify their actions, even if they are deviant.

Question 3

Sutherland's differential association theory proposes that groups we interact with early in life have more of an influence on the learning of deviance than groups we interact with later in life do. This is known as
A)duration.
B)priority.
C)intensity.
D)frequency.
E)primacy.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sutherland's differential association theory proposes that groups...

Question 4

Which of the following scenarios reflects social learning theory?
A)Alexei begins taking anabolic steroids when he notices the muscular, popular boys at school taking them
B)Kristin has always had a bad relationship with her parents, and begins taking drugs
C)a male cross-dresser rationalizes his behaviour by saying to himself, "I'm not hurting anyone"
D)a group of low-income boys who are failing their classes start hanging out together, and begin vandalizing property
E)Erika decides that if she is ever going to achieve the "American Dream", she is going to have to break a few rules at work

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory suggests that individuals learn behaviors through observation and imitation of others. In scenario A, Alexei is observing and imitating the behavior of the popular boys at school by taking anabolic steroids.

Question 5

In response to the accusation that child beauty pageants attract pedophiles, the pageant contestants' mothers typically say that only someone who is "sick" themselves would even suggest that people would find these little girls "sexy". Which technique of neutralization are these mothers using?
A)denial of injury
B)denial of responsibility
C)condemnation of the condemners
D)denial of the victim
E)appealing to higher loyalties

Accepted Answer

The mothers are using the technique of "condemnation of the condemners" by suggesting that anyone who criticizes child beauty pageants must be "sick" themselves. This deflects the criticism away from themselves and onto those who are bringing up concerns about the potential dangers of these pageants.

Question 6

Which of the following statements reflects Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime?
A)level of self-control varies significantly during a person's lifetime
B)low levels of self-control are the result of participation in deviant peer subcultures
C)people with low levels of self-control are more likely to adhere to authority, and therefore follow society's rules
D)low levels of self-control are primarily the result of ineffective parenting
E)low levels of self-control are associated with violent crime, but high levels of self-control are associated with white-collar crime

Accepted Answer

Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime posits that low levels of self-control are primarily the result of ineffective parenting, which fails to instill self-control in children.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is a component of Sutherland's differential association theory?
A)television, music, and movies have a substantial impact on the learning of deviance
B)large groups have more of an influence on the learning of deviance than small groups do
C)the more important a particular group is to the individual, the greater the influence that group will have on the learning of deviance
D)the skills needed for deviance are learned within groups, but the motives for deviance are derived from personality factors
E)shorter periods of interaction have more of an influence on the learning of deviance than long periods of interaction do

Accepted Answer

In Sutherland's differential association theory, the more important a particular group is to the individual, the greater the influence that group will have on the learning of deviance. This is because individuals are more likely to adopt the beliefs and behaviors of those whom they respect and admire.

Question 8

Some individuals who download music illegally defend their actions by saying that the music industry makes more than enough profit from the pockets of consumers. Which technique of neutralization are these individuals using?
A)denial of injury
B)denial of responsibility
C)condemnation of the condemners
D)denial of the victim
E)appealing to higher loyalties

Accepted Answer

The answer of Some individuals who download music illegally defend...

Question 9

Which of the following theories best explains why university students who place a high value on academic work, but have GPAs below 3.0 and score high on measures of depression, are most likely to use "homework drugs"?
A)differential opportunity theory
B)Agnew's general strain theory
C)self-control theory
D)social learning theory
E)Merton's strain theory

Accepted Answer

Agnew's general strain theory posits that individuals who experience strain or stress are more likely to engage in deviant behavior as a coping mechanism. In this scenario, university students who value academic work and have GPAs below 3.0 may experience academic strain, which is exacerbated by their depression. The use of "homework drugs" may be seen as a way to cope with this strain and improve academic performance.

Question 10

In an interview, one female exotic dancer states the following when asked about her career: "You should see the cops when they come in. They watch us dance for an hour or two before they bust anybody…there's usually a half dozen of 'em at a time. How many cops does it take to write a ticket for lewd dancing…?" Which technique of neutralization is she using?
A)condemning the condemners
B)denial of the victim
C)denial of injury
D)denial of responsibility
E)appealing to higher loyalties

Accepted Answer

The dancer is using the technique of "condemning the condemners" by shifting focus from her actions to criticize the behavior of the police officers, suggesting hypocrisy or ulterior motives on their part.

Question 11

What criticisms have been directed at functionalist theories?
A)they are teleological
B)they are tautological
C)they have a conservative bias
D)they have an androcentric bias
E)functionalist theories have been criticized for being teleological, tautological, conservative, and androcentric

Accepted Answer

All of the given options have been directed as criticisms towards functionalist theories, therefore the best choice is E which includes all of them.

Question 12

During an interview for the school paper, the local high school valedictorian is asked how he managed to stay out of trouble during his teenage years. He replies, "Are you kidding? I was so busy studying, playing basketball on the school team, participating in the debating club, and volunteering with the Boys' and Girls' Club, I didn't have any time to get into trouble!" Which one of Hirschi's social bonds in reflected in his statement?
A)belief
B)involvement
C)commitment
D)attachment
E)self-control

Accepted Answer

The valedictorian's statement reflects the social bond of involvement, as he was heavily involved in various school activities and volunteer work, leaving him little time to engage in delinquent behavior.

Question 13

Which two theories did Piquero, Tibbits, and Blankenship integrate to explain why some MBA students said they would continue to distribute a suspected dangerous pharmaceutical, while other MBA students said they would recall that pharmaceutical?
A)neutralization theory and social learning theory
B)differential association theory and the general theory of crime
C)Merton's strain theory and social learning theory
D)neutralization theory and differential association theory
E)Merton's strain theory and differential association theory

Accepted Answer

Piquero, Tibbits, and Blankenship integrated neutralization theory and differential association theory to explain why some MBA students said they would continue to distribute a suspected dangerous pharmaceutical, while other MBA students said they would recall that pharmaceutical. Neutralization theory suggests that individuals engage in criminal behavior by neutralizing their guilt and justification for their actions. Differential association theory, on the other hand, suggests that individuals learn criminal behavior through their associations and interactions with others who are involved in criminal activities. By integrating these two theories, the researchers were able to show that the MBA students who were more likely to continue distributing the dangerous pharmaceutical had used neutralization techniques to justify their actions, and had also been influenced by others who were involved in distributing the same pharmaceutical.

Question 14

Which of the following theories is a social control theory?
A)differential opportunity theory
B)differential association theory
C)general theory of crime
D)general strain theory
E)neutralization theory

Accepted Answer

The general theory of crime is a social control theory, as it suggests that individuals with low self-control are more likely to engage in criminal behavior due to inadequate socialization during childhood. This theory focuses on the role of parents and families in shaping an individual's self-control and ability to resist criminal impulses. The other theories listed (differential opportunity theory, differential association theory, general strain theory, and neutralization theory) are not social control theories, as they focus on other factors such as economic opportunities, peer associations, and psychological strains that may contribute to criminal behavior.

Question 15

Which of the following theories have been criticized for identifying deviance and criminality as lower-class phenomena?
A)Merton's strain theory
B)differential association theory
C)social bonds theory
D)social learning theory
E)self-control theory

Accepted Answer

Merton's strain theory has been criticized for identifying deviance and criminality as lower-class phenomena. Critics argue that the theory fails to account for white-collar crime and deviance that occurs in upper-class settings.

Question 16

Cherise lives in a neighbourhood where there is an organized group of people involved in selling illegal weapons to rival gangs. Seeing an opportunity to make some money, Cherise joins this group of weapons dealers. According to Cloward and Ohlin's differential opportunity theory, what type of group has Cherise joined?
A)"conflict gang"
B)"retreatist gang"
C)"criminal gang"
D)"criminal collectivity"
E)"conflict collectivity"

Accepted Answer

Cherise has joined a "criminal gang" according to Cloward and Ohlin's differential opportunity theory. This theory suggests that individuals may turn to criminal activity as a result of limited opportunities for success in legitimate ways, and may seek out different types of criminal groups depending on the availability of opportunities for criminal gain. In this case, Cherise has found an opportunity to make money by selling illegal weapons, and has joined a group of individuals who are involved in this illegal activity.

Question 17

Empirical research using the self-control theory has found that low levels of self-control are associated with
A)purging.
B)risky sexual behaviour.
C)a greater likelihood of being a victim of crime.
D)spreading rumours about others.
E)low levels of self-control are associated with purging, risky sexual behaviour, a greater likelihood of being a victim of crime, and spreading rumours about others.

Accepted Answer

The question asks for the association between low levels of self-control and various behaviors/ outcomes. Option E is the only choice that lists all the behaviors/ outcomes mentioned in the question. Thus, option E is the best choice.

Question 18

According to Lauritsen (1994), for which of the following groups of adolescents does strain increase the frequency of unprotected sexual activity?
A)African-American females
B)African-American males
C)Caucasian females
D)Caucasian males
E)African-American females and males

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Lauritsen (1994), for which of...

Question 19

According to social bonds theory, some people abstain from deviance because they would have too much to lose in their lives if they became deviant. This refers to the social bond of belief.
A)involvement.
B)commitment.
C)attachment.
D)self-control.

Accepted Answer

According to social bonds theory, commitment to conventional goals and values is one of the factors that prevents individuals from engaging in deviant behavior. This is because individuals who have strong commitments to these goals and values are less likely to risk losing them by engaging in deviant behavior.

Question 20

Which theory does not identify deviance and criminality as lower-class phenomena?
A)Merton's theory of strain
B)differential opportunity theory
C)Cohen's theory of status frustration
D)Agnew's general strain theory
E)Merton's theory of anomie

Accepted Answer

Agnew's general strain theory does not specifically identify deviance and criminality as lower-class phenomena. Instead, it suggests that strain can be experienced by individuals across all social classes, leading to deviance as a means to cope with the stress or strain from failing to achieve positively valued goals, the removal of positively valued stimuli, or the introduction of negative stimuli.

Quiz 2: Explaining Deviance: The Act

When does status frustration emerge?

Which of the following is not one of the components of Agnew's General Strain Theory?

Sutherland's differential association theory proposes that groups we interact with early in life have more of an influence on the learning of deviance than groups we interact with later in life do. This is known as

Which of the following scenarios reflects social learning theory?

In response to the accusation that child beauty pageants attract pedophiles, the pageant contestants' mothers typically say that only someone who is "sick" themselves would even suggest that people would find these little girls "sexy". Which technique of neutralization are these mothers using?

Which of the following statements reflects Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime?

Which of the following statements is a component of Sutherland's differential association theory?

Some individuals who download music illegally defend their actions by saying that the music industry makes more than enough profit from the pockets of consumers. Which technique of neutralization are these individuals using?

Which of the following theories best explains why university students who place a high value on academic work, but have GPAs below 3.0 and score high on measures of depression, are most likely to use "homework drugs"?

What criticisms have been directed at functionalist theories?

Which two theories did Piquero, Tibbits, and Blankenship integrate to explain why some MBA students said they would continue to distribute a suspected dangerous pharmaceutical, while other MBA students said they would recall that pharmaceutical?

Which of the following theories is a social control theory?

Which of the following theories have been criticized for identifying deviance and criminality as lower-class phenomena?

Empirical research using the self-control theory has found that low levels of self-control are associated with

According to Lauritsen (1994) , for which of the following groups of adolescents does strain increase the frequency of unprotected sexual activity?

According to social bonds theory, some people abstain from deviance because they would have too much to lose in their lives if they became deviant. This refers to the social bond of belief.

Which theory does not identify deviance and criminality as lower-class phenomena?