Question 1

Bits of information are combined into meaningful units so that more information can be held in short-term memory through the process of:
A)chunking.
B)categorizing.
C)rote rehearsal.
D)cueing.

Accepted Answer

Chunking is the process of combining smaller units of information into larger, more meaningful units, which can be easier to remember in short-term memory. Categorizing and rote rehearsal may also help with memory, but they do not involve combining smaller units of information into larger ones like chunking does. Cueing involves using external reminders or triggers to retrieve information from long-term memory, which is not relevant to this question.

Question 2

If one wants to increase the capacity of short-term memory,more items can be held through the process of:
A)chunking.
B)decoding.
C)rote rehearsal.
D)mnemonics.

Accepted Answer

Chunking is the process of grouping information into meaningful units, which can increase the capacity of short-term memory. For example, remembering the string of numbers "307425869" may be difficult for most people, but chunking it as "307-425-869" makes it easier to remember. Decoding and rote rehearsal do not necessarily increase short-term memory capacity, and while mnemonics may aid in memory retention, they do not directly increase capacity.

Question 3

Laboratory studies using the recall of letters and numbers indicate that short-term memory is probably encoded in __________ form.
A)auditory
B)visual
C)olfactory
D)tactile

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory is primarily encoded in an auditory form, as studies show that people often rehearse information verbally to retain it in short-term memory.

Question 4

What "magic number" did Miller find to be the capacity of short-term memory?
A)11
B)9
C)7
D)5

Accepted Answer

Miller found that the capacity of short-term memory is approximately 7 items (plus or minus 2). This means that on average, people can hold 7 pieces of information in their short-term memory before it begins to decay or be displaced by incoming information.

Question 5

Chunking is a means of:
A)immediately forgetting irrelevant details.
B)combining information into meaningful units.
C)arranging details into a hierarchy from most to least important.
D)storing long-term memories.

Accepted Answer

Chunking involves grouping information into meaningful units, which can improve short-term memory retention and recall. It does not involve immediately forgetting details or arranging information into a hierarchy. While chunking may aid in the encoding of long-term memories, it is not its only function.

Question 6

Which type of memory allows us to have meaningful conversations?
A)iconic memory
B)echoic memory
C)working memory
D)procedural memory

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which type of memory allows us to...

Question 7

Which theorist is associated with the idea that information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory through the processes of selective attention?
A)Craik
B)Loftus
C)Sperling
D)Broadbent

Accepted Answer

The theorist associated with the idea that information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory through the processes of selective attention is Donald Broadbent.

Question 8

What is one of the real-world uses of iconic storage?
A)It is where photographic memories are kept.
B)It is the process that covers up the disruption that would occur from saccades.
C)It increases depth of information processing.
D)It enhances language acquisition

Accepted Answer

Iconic storage helps maintain visual continuity by holding visual information for a brief period, which smooths out the disruptions caused by rapid eye movements known as saccades.

Question 9

Which memory system acts as an active processing mechanism and interpreter for visual and auditory information?
A)long-term memory
B)short-term memory
C)working memory
D)procedural

Accepted Answer

Working memory is responsible for active processing and interpretation of information received through visual and auditory sensory channels. It is a temporary storage system that holds information for a short time and allows for cognitive processing to occur. Long-term memory is a more permanent storage system, whereas short-term memory is responsible for holding information briefly before either discarding it or transferring it to long-term memory. Procedural memory is responsible for storing motor skills and habits.

Question 10

Bethany is trying to focus on a conversation across the room during a party she is attending.This is because she thinks she heard her name above the din of the conversation.Her ability to hear her name is an example of a process called the ____________ effect.
A)encoding specificity
B)cocktail party
C)visuospatial
D)primacy

Accepted Answer

The cocktail party effect refers to the ability to selectively attend to one conversation or stimulus while filtering out other distractions in a noisy environment, much like being at a crowded party and being able to focus on one conversation while ignoring others. Bethany's ability to hear her name above the din of the conversation is an example of this effect at work. Encoding specificity refers to the idea that recall is more effective when the cognitive and environmental conditions present during retrieval are similar to those present during encoding. Visuospatial pertains to the use of visual and spatial information for processing and understanding information. Primacy refers to the phenomenon where items at the beginning of a list or sequence are better remembered compared to items in the middle or end.

Question 11

The only time selective attention is not working at its peak is:
A)during Stage Four sleep,and it is still functioning even then.
B)during REM sleep,as dreams block attention.
C)at a cocktail party or other similar types of crowded events.
D)when you are playing video games or engaged in other engrossing activities.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The only time selective attention is not...

Question 12

Suzy looks up from her lunch,realizing that Jacques has just said something to her.What was it? Oh,yes,he has just asked her if she wants to go the movies.Suzy's ability to retrieve what Jacques said is due to her ____________ memory.
A)iconic sensory
B)echoic sensory
C)short-term
D)eidetic sensory

Accepted Answer

Echoic sensory memory refers to the brief retention of auditory information, which is exactly what Suzy experienced when Jacques asked her to go to the movies.

Question 13

Information gets from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of:
A)elaborative rehearsal.
B)maintenance rehearsal.
C)automatic encoding.
D)selective attention.

Accepted Answer

Information from sensory memory is selected and transferred to short-term memory through selective attention.

Question 14

Canadian researchers Arbuthnott and Campbell determined that there are actually two processes (excluding irrelevant information and eliminating no longer useful information)involved in the memory function known as:
A)memory retrieval.
B)encoding.
C)storage.
D)selective attention.

Accepted Answer

The two processes described (excluding irrelevant information and eliminating no longer useful information) are related to selective attention, as they involve focusing on important information and filtering out distractions. Therefore, the best choice is D) selective attention. This is distinct from memory retrieval, encoding, and storage, which are other processes involved in memory function, but are not specifically related to filtering out irrelevant information.

Question 15

Which system of memory is known as the "place" where information is held for brief periods of time while being used?
A)working
B)short-term
C)sensory
D)episodic

Accepted Answer

The short-term memory system is known as the "place" where information is held for brief periods of time while being used.

Question 16

One problem with relying on eidetic imagery to study for tests is that:
A)you remember too much material and the professor will think you are cheating.
B)eidetic images fade in 0.25 second,as Sperling has shown.
C)you may be able to recall the material but you don't necessarily understand it.
D)you can recall pictures and diagrams but not text.

Accepted Answer

Eidetic imagery may allow for recall of material, but it does not guarantee understanding or comprehension of the material. In order to do well on a test, it is important to have a deep understanding of the material, not just the ability to recall it.

Question 17

Sitting in a very noisy restaurant,you are able to screen out all the other conversations around you so you can listen to the friend with whom you are conversing.This is an example of:
A)working memory.
B)cocktail party effect.
C)selective attention.
D)divided attention.

Accepted Answer

Selective attention refers to the ability to focus on one particular stimulus while filtering out other stimuli. In this scenario, the person is able to selectively attend to their friend's conversation while ignoring the other conversations in the noisy restaurant. The cocktail party effect refers specifically to the phenomenon of being able to hear one's own name or other pertinent information in a noisy environment, which is not the case in this scenario. Working memory and divided attention may come into play in other situations, but they are not the best explanation for this particular scenario.

Question 18

The duration of iconic memory is _______ than echoic memory,but its capacity is probably ________.
A)shorter; smaller
B)longer; larger
C)longer; about the same
D)shorter; about the same

Accepted Answer

Iconic memory lasts for only about 1/4 of a second, while echoic memory can last up to 4 seconds. However, iconic memory has a larger capacity, allowing us to briefly store and process visual information from our environment.

Question 19

People mistakenly use these two terms to mean the same thing: short-term memory and:
A)selective attention.
B)working memory.
C)recall.
D)long-term memory.

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory refers to the ability to hold a small amount of information in mind for a brief period of time, while working memory refers to the ability to hold and manipulate information in mind in order to perform cognitive tasks. While they are related concepts, they are not interchangeable terms. Selective attention refers to the ability to selectively focus on one aspect of the environment while ignoring others, recall refers to the ability to retrieve information from long-term memory, and long-term memory refers to the storage of information over extended periods of time.

Question 20

Loni is asked to memorize the letters I K T E A L N in no particular order.She memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words INK and LATE.This tactic is called:
A)cueing.
B)elaborate rehearsal.
C)rote rehearsal.
D)chunking.

Accepted Answer

Chunking involves grouping items together into larger units or chunks in order to make them easier to remember. In this case, Loni has grouped the letters into the words INK and LATE.

Quiz 6: Memory

Bits of information are combined into meaningful units so that more information can be held in short-term memory through the process of:

If one wants to increase the capacity of short-term memory,more items can be held through the process of:

Laboratory studies using the recall of letters and numbers indicate that short-term memory is probably encoded in __________ form.

What "magic number" did Miller find to be the capacity of short-term memory?

Chunking is a means of:

Which type of memory allows us to have meaningful conversations?

Which theorist is associated with the idea that information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory through the processes of selective attention?

What is one of the real-world uses of iconic storage?

Which memory system acts as an active processing mechanism and interpreter for visual and auditory information?

Bethany is trying to focus on a conversation across the room during a party she is attending.This is because she thinks she heard her name above the din of the conversation.Her ability to hear her name is an example of a process called the ____________ effect.

The only time selective attention is not working at its peak is:

Suzy looks up from her lunch,realizing that Jacques has just said something to her.What was it? Oh,yes,he has just asked her if she wants to go the movies.Suzy's ability to retrieve what Jacques said is due to her ____________ memory.

Information gets from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of:

Canadian researchers Arbuthnott and Campbell determined that there are actually two processes (excluding irrelevant information and eliminating no longer useful information) involved in the memory function known as:

Which system of memory is known as the "place" where information is held for brief periods of time while being used?

One problem with relying on eidetic imagery to study for tests is that:

Sitting in a very noisy restaurant,you are able to screen out all the other conversations around you so you can listen to the friend with whom you are conversing.This is an example of:

The duration of iconic memory is _ than echoic memory,but its capacity is probably __.

People mistakenly use these two terms to mean the same thing: short-term memory and:

Loni is asked to memorize the letters I K T E A L N in no particular order.She memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words INK and LATE.This tactic is called: