Question 1

The term "learning disability" was first developed to describe students with
A)average intelligence but having learning problems.
B)brain injuries caused by accidents.
C)behaviour problems impacting learning.
D)very mild intellectual disabilities.

Accepted Answer

The term "learning disability" was first coined in the 1960s to describe students who had average or above-average intelligence but were experiencing difficulty with specific academic skills, such as reading, writing, or math. It is not specifically related to brain injuries, behavior problems, or intellectual disabilities.

Question 2

Research using CAT scans,MRIs,and PET scans suggest that some cases of learning disability are caused by
A)poor nutrition.
B)brain damage.
C)structural and functional differences in the brain.
D)allergies to food additives.

Accepted Answer

Research using advanced imaging techniques such as CAT scans, MRIs, and PET scans have pointed to differences in the structure and function of the brain in individuals with learning disabilities. Brain damage may also be a factor in some cases, but poor nutrition and food allergies have not been consistently linked to learning disabilities in research.

Question 3

Which method of assessment is LEAST likely to be used to identify a learning disability?
A)adaptive behaviour scales
B)standardized achievement tests
C)authentic assessment
D)informal reading inventories

Accepted Answer

Adaptive behavior scales are typically used to assess social and practical skills, not learning disabilities.

Question 4

In Canada,approximately what percentage of students have been identified with a learning disability?
A)1
B)4
C)8
D)15

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Canada,approximately what percentage of students have...

Question 5

One of the major advantages of the response to intervention method of identifying learning disabilities is that
A)it is easy to implement.
B)it is not subject to the same "wait-to fail" criticism.
C)it ensures that a student's low achievement is not simply due to ineffective instruction.
D)a great deal of research has been done to show how best to implement RTI.

Accepted Answer

The answer of One of the major advantages of the...

Question 6

Changes in the number of students in the learning disabilities category has been attributed to all of the following factors EXCEPT
A)poor diagnostic procedures.
B)teachers' reluctance to change teaching methods.
C)increase in poverty.
D)increase in prevalence of intellectual disabilities.

Accepted Answer

The passage lists poor diagnostic procedures, teachers' reluctance to change teaching methods, and an increase in poverty as factors that have contributed to changes in the number of students in the learning disabilities category. The passage does not mention an increase in the prevalence of intellectual disabilities as a contributing factor.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true?
A)There is definitive evidence of a neurological basis for all cases of learning disabilities.
B)There is definitive evidence that there is no neurological basis for learning disabilities.
C)There is some evidence of a neurological basis for most cases of learning disabilities.
D)There is no definitive evidence of a neurological basis for all cases of learning disabilities.

Accepted Answer

While there is some evidence suggesting a neurological basis for many cases of learning disabilities, there is no definitive evidence that all cases have a neurological basis. It is likely that different individuals may have different underlying causes for their learning disabilities, making it difficult to generalize across all cases.

Question 8

John's teacher monitors his progress in word reading on a weekly basis as he works towards a goal of reading 60% of his text correctly.This form of assessment is referred to as
A)summative.
B)formative.
C)authentic.
D)standardized.

Accepted Answer

The answer of John's teacher monitors his progress in word...

Question 9

The higher prevalence of learning disabilities among males is attributed in part to
A)lower effort generally expended by males.
B)greater biological vulnerability.
C)colour blindness more likely in males.
D)right brain dominance among males.

Accepted Answer

The higher prevalence of learning disabilities among males can be attributed in part to their greater biological vulnerability. Research has shown that males are more likely to have structural and functional abnormalities in their brains, which may contribute to learning disabilities.

Question 10

Each of the following is a weakness of the achievement-ability discrepancy method of identifying learning disabilities EXCEPT
A)It has been used only with students with reading problems,not math problems.
B)Those that are statistically adequate are difficult and expensive to implement.
C)IQ is not a very strong predictor of reading ability.
D)The concept of discrepancy is practically useless in the earliest elementary grades.

Accepted Answer

This statement is not a weakness of the achievement-ability discrepancy method but rather a limitation of its application. The method has not been widely used with math problems but this does not imply any weakness in its approach.

Question 11

The method of assessment least useful in planning educational strategies is
A)formative assessment.
B)standardized achievement assessment.
C)informal assessment.
D)authentic assessment.

Accepted Answer

Standardized achievement assessments are typically administered at the end of the year and provide a broad overview of students' knowledge and skills. While they can be useful for data analysis and comparison, they are not the best choice for planning educational strategies as they do not provide specific information about individual student needs or areas for improvement. Formative, informal, and authentic assessments tend to be more helpful in guiding instructional decisions and tailoring instruction to meet the needs of individual students.

Question 12

When students are referred for special education,teachers and psychologists use standardized achievement tests primarily to
A)measure psychological processes.
B)gain insight into the cause of a student's failure.
C)identify general academic strengths and weaknesses.
D)collect observational data.

Accepted Answer

Standardized achievement tests are used primarily to identify general academic strengths and weaknesses. They provide objective measures of a student's performance in key academic areas such as reading, math, and written language. These tests can provide important information to help guide decision-making for special education services.

Question 13

Over the years,evidence has accumulated showing that learning disabilities
A)dramatically improve in the adult years.
B)can be inherited.
C)manifest themselves prior to age three.
D)occur more often in first-born children.

Accepted Answer

There is evidence to suggest that learning disabilities can be inherited. This is supported by research showing that children of parents with learning disabilities are at a higher risk of developing similar difficulties.

Question 14

Definitions used to make eligibility and classification decisions related to learning disabilities traditionally include which one of the following factors?
A)IQ-achievement discrepancy
B)learning problems due to visual,hearing,or motor handicaps,or environmental,cultural,or economic disadvantage
C)neurological evidence of brain injury
D)deficits in adaptive behaviour

Accepted Answer

The traditional definition of learning disabilities includes the concept of IQ-achievement discrepancy, which means that a student's level of intellectual functioning is higher than their academic achievement. This discrepancy can indicate that the student has a specific learning disability. Other factors, such as sensory or motor disabilities or environmental disadvantages, are considered when making eligibility and classification decisions but are not part of the traditional definition of learning disabilities. Neurological evidence of brain injury and deficits in adaptive behavior are related but distinct criteria used in some assessments for diagnosing intellectual disabilities.

Question 15

The most influential definition of learning disabilities in Canada is that developed by
A)AAMR.
B)NJCLD.
C)LDAC.
D)IDEA.

Accepted Answer

The Learning Disabilities Association of Canada (LDAC) has developed the most influential definition of learning disabilities in Canada.

Question 16

Heritability studies of learning disabilities have shown which of the following?
A)Environmental factors are the cause of most learning disabilities.
B)Identical twins are more concordant than fraternal twins for reading disabilities.
C)Both fraternal twins are more likely to have learning disabilities than are both identical twins.
D)Teratogens are the cause of most learning disabilities.

Accepted Answer

Heritability studies have consistently found that there is a genetic component to learning disabilities, with identical twins being more concordant for learning disabilities than fraternal twins. This suggests that genetic factors play a role in the development of learning disabilities. Option A is not supported by heritability studies, which have found that genetic factors are a significant contributor to learning disabilities. Option C is also incorrect, as identical twins are more likely to be concordant for learning disabilities than fraternal twins. Option D attributes learning disabilities to teratogens, which is not supported by research evidence.

Question 17

All of the following are similarities between the U.S.federal definition and the LDAC definition EXCEPT
A)both describe a disorder in processing information.
B)both specify that listening,speaking,reading,writing,and math can be affected.
C)both mention perceptual handicaps,dyslexia,and minimal brain dysfunction.
D)both exclude learning problems due primarily to other conditions.

Accepted Answer

The LDAC definition does not specifically mention perceptual handicaps, dyslexia, and minimal brain dysfunction, whereas the U.S. federal definition does.

Question 18

Agents that can cause malformations or defects in a developing fetus are called
A)teratogens.
B)poisons.
C)toxinogens.
D)mutations.

Accepted Answer

Teratogens are agents that can cause malformations or defects in a developing fetus. These agents can include drugs, chemicals, viruses, or other environmental factors that can affect fetal development. Poisons and toxinogens may also cause harm, but the term "teratogen" specifically refers to agents that can cause fetal abnormalities. Mutations, on the other hand, refer to changes in DNA that can occur spontaneously or due to environmental factors, but they do not necessarily cause malformations in a developing fetus.

Question 19

Dyslexia refers to a severe impairment in the ability to
A)read.
B)write.
C)compute.
D)use expressive language.

Accepted Answer

Dyslexia is a reading disorder characterized by difficulty in reading, spelling, and writing despite having normal intelligence and adequate education. Individuals with dyslexia may have difficulty with phonological processing, which impacts their ability to sound out and recognize words. Therefore, choice A (read) is the best answer.

Question 20

The individual credited with the first use of the term "learning disabilities" during a meeting of parents in the early 1960s is
A)Samuel Howe.
B)Samuel Kirk.
C)Marianne Frostig.
D)Samuel Orton.

Accepted Answer

Samuel Kirk is credited with coining the term "learning disabilities" in the early 1960s during a meeting with parents. He defined it as a deficiency in the central nervous system functions that affects a person's ability to engage in some aspect of processing information.

Quiz 6: Learners With Learning Disabilities

The term "learning disability" was first developed to describe students with

Research using CAT scans,MRIs,and PET scans suggest that some cases of learning disability are caused by

Which method of assessment is LEAST likely to be used to identify a learning disability?

In Canada,approximately what percentage of students have been identified with a learning disability?

One of the major advantages of the response to intervention method of identifying learning disabilities is that

Changes in the number of students in the learning disabilities category has been attributed to all of the following factors EXCEPT

Which of the following statements is true?

John's teacher monitors his progress in word reading on a weekly basis as he works towards a goal of reading 60% of his text correctly.This form of assessment is referred to as

The higher prevalence of learning disabilities among males is attributed in part to

Each of the following is a weakness of the achievement-ability discrepancy method of identifying learning disabilities EXCEPT

The method of assessment least useful in planning educational strategies is

When students are referred for special education,teachers and psychologists use standardized achievement tests primarily to

Over the years,evidence has accumulated showing that learning disabilities

Definitions used to make eligibility and classification decisions related to learning disabilities traditionally include which one of the following factors?

The most influential definition of learning disabilities in Canada is that developed by

Heritability studies of learning disabilities have shown which of the following?

All of the following are similarities between the U.S.federal definition and the LDAC definition EXCEPT

Agents that can cause malformations or defects in a developing fetus are called

Dyslexia refers to a severe impairment in the ability to

The individual credited with the first use of the term "learning disabilities" during a meeting of parents in the early 1960s is